Non-aqueous washing machine &amp; methods

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a non-aqueous washing machine, methods of using the machine, methods of washing, and recycling.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a non-aqueous laundering machine, methods ofusing the machine, methods of washing, drying and reclamation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to apparati, methods, andchemistries employed in the home for laundering clothing and fabrics.More particularly, it relates to a new and improved method, apparatus,and chemistry for home laundering of a fabric load using a wash liquorcomprising a multi-phase mixture of a substantially inert working fluid(IWF) and at least one washing adjuvant.

As used herein, the terms “substantially non-reactive” or “substantiallyinert” when used to describe a component of a wash liquor or washingfluid, means a non-solvent, non-detersive fluid that under ordinary ornormal washing conditions, e.g. at pressures of 0 Pa to 0.5×10⁶ Pa andtemperatures of from about 1° C. to about 100° C., does not appreciablyreact with the fibers of the fabric load being cleaned, the stains andsoils on the fabric load, or the washing adjuvants combined with thecomponent to form the wash liquor. An IWF ideally does very little ornothing except act as a carrier or vehicle to carry an adjuvant to theclothes so that the adjuvant can work on the clothes.

Home laundering of fabrics is usually performed in an automatic washingmachine and occasionally by hand. These methods employ water as themajor component of the washing fluid. Cleaning adjuvants such asdetergents, enzymes, bleaches and fabric softeners are added and mixedwith the water at appropriate stages of the wash cycle to providecleaning, whitening, softening, and the like.

Although improvements in automatic washing machines and in cleaningagent formulations are steadily being made, as a general rule,conventional home laundering methods consume considerable amounts ofwater, energy, and time. Water-based methods are not suitable for somenatural fiber fabrics, such as silks, woolens and linens, so that wholeclasses of garments and fabrics cannot be home laundered, but instead,must be sent out for professional dry cleaning. During water washing,the clothes become saturated with water and some fibers swell and absorbwater. After washing, the water must be removed from the clothes.Typically, this is performed in a two-step process including a hard spincycle in the washer and a full drying cycle in an automatic dryer. Thehard spin cycles tend to cause undesirable wrinkling. Even afterspinning, drying cycle times are undesirably long.

The solution to this problem was the advent of the traditional drycleaning business. Consumers had to travel to the dry cleaners, drop offclothes, pay for dry cleaning, and pick the clothes up. While the drycleaning process is useful to the consumer, it plays terrible havoc withthe environment. Traditional dry cleaning uses halogenated hydrocarbons,such as perchloroethylene (nefariously known as “perc”). Because the useof perc is calamitous, strict environmental regulations exist to controlits use and disposition. The stricter controls sent many in the drycleaning industry towards petroleum-based solvents. These solvents areinflammable and are smog-producers. Accordingly, the use of thesesolvents in the home is out of the question.

A further non-aqueous solvent based washing method employs liquid orsupercritical carbon dioxide solvent as a washing liquid. As describedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,492, highly pressurized vessels are required toperform this washing method. In accordance with these methods, pressuresof about 3.45×10⁶ Pa to 6.89×10⁶ Pa are required. Pressures of up toabout 0.206×10⁶ Pa are approved for use in the home. The high pressureconditions employed in the carbon dioxide create safety hazards thatmake them unsuitable for residential use.

Various perfluorocarbon materials have been employed alone or incombination with cleaning additives for washing printed circuit boardsand other electrical substrates, as described for example in U.S. Pat.No. 5,503,681. Spray cleaning of rigid substrates is very different fromlaundering soft fabric loads. Moreover, cleaning of electricalsubstrates is performed in high technology manufacturing facilitiesemploying a multi-stage apparatus which is not readily adapted for homeuse.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing problems are solved and a technical advance is achieved bythe present invention. Disclosed is a laundering machine; methods, andchemistries for home laundering of fabrics. The machine may include awash unit and a reclamation unit. Methods of washing fabrics, washing,recirculating, drying, reclaiming, and disposing are disclosed. Inaddition, wash fluid chemistries, combinations, etc. are disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2A demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2B demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6B demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 demonstrates an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

At the outset it should be noted that various Figures illustrate variouscomponents and subcomponents. Because of the relative complexityinvolved, many Figures omit nonessential features such as means forconnecting components to a frame, or showing various conduits, piping,or wiring. Accordingly, while it may be appear that certain componentsare unconnected, it is understood that the components are connected tosomething. In addition, various structural features, such as frames maybe omitted to avoid confusion. In addition, although certain systems,subsystems, and loops are described as having pumps, it should be notedthat in any part of the machine and along any part of a system, morethan one pump may be used to assist in fluid flow, solid flow,recycling, recirculation, etc. Accordingly, it is intended that betweenany two parts described, there may be a pump to assist in flow.Furthermore, any part or conduit may have an anti-static agentassociated therewith. In addition, for any numeric parameter, it isunderstood that embodiments of the invention may include any rangewithin a stated range (for example, for a stated range of between X andY shall be interpreted to mean that any range between X and Y iscontemplated), or may include a base figure that has no upper or lowerlimit (for example, a parameter>X shall be interpreted to mean that theparameter has no upper limit and that the inventors may impose any upperlimit as desired; and a parameter<X shall be interpreted to mean thatthe parameter is less than X and has no lower limit and that theinventors may impose any lower limit as desired).

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention. Shown is the non-aqueouswashing machine 10, comprising a wash unit 12 and a reclamation unit 14.The machine 10 also includes a wash unit outer housing 13 and areclamation unit outer housing 15. It is understood that although FIG. 1shows the wash unit 12 and reclamation unit 14 in a side-by-sideposition, the units may be stackable. In addition, although the unitsare shown as separate units, it is understood that the units may begenerally within the same outer housing. Additionally, multiple washdrums may be used with a single reclamation and storage unit. The washunit 12 includes a wash unit door 16, preferably with a handle 18. Thedoor 16 may be opened to add and remove the items, such as a fabric loadto be washed. The door 16 may include a door window 19 so that thecontents may be viewed. Although shown on the wash unit 12, a controlpanel 20 may be used to control the operation of the machine. Inaddition, the control panel 20 may be located on the reclamation unit14. The control panel 20 may include a variety of buttons, dials,displays, gauges, lights, etc. The machine should be proportioned suchthat it can be transversed through the doorways conventionally found inhomes and preferably with a depth of no more than 60 cm. In thepreferred embodiment, the machine would have a footprint no larger thanthe footprint of full-size conventional aqueous automatic washers.Additionally, the reclamation and storage components of the system maybe incorporated within a base unit 12-24 inches in height. This baseunit is placed under the machine to provide the consumer with anergonomically-viable height.

Although FIG. 1 shows the wash unit 12 and the reclamation unit 14side-by-side, it is understood that the units may be at some distancefrom each other. For example, the wash unit 12 may be inside, such as ina laundry room, and the reclamation unit 14 may be outside the dwelling.In this regard, servicing of the reclamation unit 14 becomes easier asthe consumer need not be home in order to allow access to thereclamation unit. Another advantage of having a reclamation unit 14outside is that any leaks, in the unlikely event they occur, willdissipate inside the dwelling. Accordingly, where the reclamation unit14 is intended to be located outdoors, the unit 14 may include variousweather protection means, such as weather resistant paint, rustproofing, locks to prohibit intermeddling, etc. The distance between theunits is a function of the length of conduits connecting the two. Forany distance, intermediate pumps may be added to assist in fluid flowbetween the units. To further assist in assembly, servicing, ormovement, the connections between the units may include quick releasehydraulic connectors, such as a Packer USA Series ST quick releaseconnector. Of course traditional threaded nut designs may be used. It isalso desirable to locate the connection between the units near the topso that as conduits are removed, any residual fluids remain in theconduits and do not leak out. The fluids would return to the lowestpoints in the respective units.

The machine 10 may also include a receiver such that a remote controlunit 22, such as a handheld unit, may transmit one or more controlsignals to the machine 10 receiver to control the machine. For example,the receiver may be part of the control panel 20. The machine 10 and/orcontrol panel 20 may also include a transmitter that sends signals tothe remote unit 22. The transmitter may send any type of information tothe remote unit 22, such as status information, safety information, oremergency information. In this regard, there may be two-waycommunication between the machine 10 and the remote unit 22. One exampleof such use would include the machine 10 transmitting statusinformation, such as time remaining, cycle step, unbalanced loadinformation; or emergency information such as blocked conduits, valvefailure, clogged filters, breach of the closed system, fluid leak,pressure drops, temperature increase, chemical leakage, etc. Afterreceiving this information, the user may use the remote unit 22 to sendcontrol signals, such as shut-off signals or a command delay start ofall or part of cycles, to the machine 10. The machine may also store anyinformation in a memory storage unit so that the information can beretrieved later. This may be useful during servicing to assistdiagnosing information. Such technology could be readily adapted fromairline black box technology. Moreover, the machine may be controlled ormonitored via other wireless or Internet technologies. For example, themachine may be Internet connected so that a consumer can remotelycontrol the machine. Similarly, the machine may contact a customerservice center automatically to provide information. In addition, cellphone technologies may also be used to “call” the machine and controlthe machine. Accordingly, in one embodiment, there is disclosed a meansto remotely receive information, a means to remotely send signals to themachine 10, a means to send signals from the machine 10, and a means toreceive signals at the machine 10.

FIG. 2A shows an embodiment of the wash unit 12, without the outerhousing 13. Shown is a tub assembly 24, which includes a wash chamber 26that is adapted to receive the contents to be washed, such as a fabricload (not shown). The tub assembly is connected to an outer structurevia various suspension arms 25. The wash chamber 26 also includes aflexible boot 28 that circumferentially surrounds the opening 30 of thewash chamber 26. The boot 28 is adapted to provide a seal around thewash chamber 26 opening and also provide a conduit to the door 16. Thewash chamber 26 also includes a rear section 32. Inside the wash chamber26 is a basket 34 that includes one or more perforations. Theperforations may be uniformly dispersed about the basket 34, randomlydispersed, or dispersed in some other fashion. The perforations providefluid communication between the interior of the wash basket 34 to thewash chamber 26.

A. Wash Unit Recirculation System

FIG. 2A also demonstrates a wash unit recirculation system. In variousembodiments of the invention described herein, wash liquor may beextracted from the wash chamber 26 and recirculated back into the washchamber 26. One embodiment is now described. The wash chamber 26includes a drain outlet (not shown) that is in fluid communication witha wash chamber sump 36. The wash chamber sump 36 may be designed to havea large volume capacity so that it may store the entire volume of washliquor introduced into the wash chamber 26. For example, in the event ofa system failure, the wash liquor can drain into the chamber sump 36.The drain outlet (not shown) may also include a gate or cover that canbe sealed. Accordingly, in the event of a system failure, the washliquor contents may be drained into the sump 36, the drain outletclosed, and the fabric contents can be removed.

A heater (not shown) may be optionally associated with sump 36 so thatthe wash liquor in the sump may be heated. In various embodiments, itmay be desirable to recirculate heated wash liquor back into the fabricso that the fabric maintains an elevated temperature, or because variouswashing adjuvant(s) work—or work better—in a heated environment. Theheater may also heat the wash liquor to deactivate adjuvant(s) in thewash liquor. Accordingly, the heater may be programmed to activate ordeactivate based on the intended use.

Wash chamber sump 36 is in fluid communication with a filter 38, such asa coarse lint filter, that is adapted to filter out large particles,such as buttons, paper clips, lint, food, etc. The filter 38 may beconsumer accessible to provide for removal, cleaning, and/orreplacement.

Accordingly, it may be desirable to locate the filter 38 near the frontside of the wash unit 12 and preferably near the bottom so that anypassive drainage occurs into the sump 36 and the filter 38. In anotherembodiment, the filter 38 may also be backflushed to the reclamationunit 14 so that any contents may be removed from the reclamation unit14. In yet another embodiment, the filter can be back-flushed within thewash unit to the sump and then pumped to the reclamation unit. In thisregard, consumer interaction with the filter 38 can be intentionallylimited.

Filtered wash liquor may then be passed to the reclamation unit 14 forfurther processing or may be passed to a recirculation pump 40. Althoughnot shown, a multiway valve may also be positioned between the filter 38and the pump 40 to direct the wash liquor to the reclamation unit 14 forthe further processing. After processing, the wash liquor may bereturned to the recirculation loop at an entry point anywhere along theloop. The recirculation pump may be controlled to provide continuousoperation, pulsed operation, or controlled operation. Returning to theembodiment of FIG. 2A, recirculation pump 40 then pumps the wash liquorto a multi-way recirculation valve 42. Based on various programming, therecirculation valve 42 may be defaulted to keep the wash liquor in therecirculation loop or defaulted to route the wash liquor to anotherarea, such as the reclamation unit 14. For example, recirculation valve42 may include a recirculation outlet 44 and a reclamation outlet 46. Inthe embodiment where recirculation is desired, wash liquor is shuntedvia the recirculation outlet 44 to a dispenser 48.

FIG. 2B shows the dispenser 48. The dispenser 48 may include one or moredispenser inlets 49 a, 49 b, 49 c and 49 d on an inlet manifold 49. Thedispenser 48 may also include one or more mixing means to mix thecontents of the dispenser. For example, if additional adjuvants areadded to the wash liquor, they may be added from independent chambers inthe dispenser and then mixed in the dispenser 48. Accordingly, dispenser48 may include mixers that actively mix the contents around or passivemixers such as baffles or fins that mix the contents via obstructing thefluid path (e.g., create turbulence, eddys, etc.). Some potentialmethods of mixing to create the wash liquor are vortex mixing, in-linemixing via baffles in a tube, axial flow impellers, radial-flowimpellers, close-clearance stirrers, un-baffled tanks or tubes, tumblingin the drum or potentially in the pump. The wash liquor can be amicro-emulsion, macro-emulsion or a homogenous mixture dependant uponthe adjuvant and the mixing means.

As mentioned above concerning the sump 36, a heater may also beassociated with the dispenser to modulate the temperature of thedispenser contents. After mixing or heating, if any is to be done, thedispenser contents exit the dispenser via a dispenser outlet 50.Dispenser outlet 50 may be gated to control the outflow of the contents.In this regard, each chamber in the dispenser may be individually gated.The contents exit the dispenser via outlet 50 and enter a fill inlet 52,which is in fluid communication with the wash chamber 26. As shown inFIG. 2A, the fill inlet 52 is generally located in the boot 28. Thedispenser may be consumer accessible to refill the chambers if desired.

Fill inlet may also include one or more dispensing heads (not shown),such as nozzles or sprayers. The head may be adapted to repel washliquor or a particular adjuvant so that clogging is avoided orminimized.

Accordingly, wash liquor is reintroduced into the wash chamber 26 and arecirculation loop is formed. As mentioned earlier, at any point in theloop, a multiway valve may be used to shunt the wash liquor to anotherarea, such as the reclamation unit 14 so that the wash liquor may befurther processed before returning to the recirculation loop. In thisregard, “cleaner” wash liquor is returned to the loop during variouswash cycles, such as rinse cycles. In an alternative embodiment, duringthe rinse cycle, clean working fluid may be routed from the reclamationunit into the recirculation unit. Accordingly, rinse fluid can bederived from (i) previously used working fluid from the current washcycle that has been cleaned and reintroduced; or (ii) clean workingfluid that is from the reclamation unit working fluid reservoir (thatis, “fresh” fluid that has not yet been used in the current cycle).

In addition, the conduits between the various components of therecirculation loop may be adapted to reduce the existence of staticcharge. Because wash liquor is being conducted through the conduits, astatic charge may be generated. To avoid this, the conduits (orsurrounding shields) may be made of a material that eliminates staticcharge build-up in the first place or dissipates the charge as itbuilds-up. Moreover, the conduit may be shielded with an outer coverthat is adapted to dissipate static charge, such as a conductive braid.This cover or braid can be grounded, for example, to the frame. Somepotential solutions for minimizing the static charge or dissipating thecharge are: using conductive polymers, coating the drum and tubing,bleeding air into the system during the drying step, bleeding electronsinto the environment and/or using a relative humidity sensor to make theenvironment more humid; therefore, less static build-up.

After the wash cycle is over, the wash unit 12 may begin a drying cycle.Wash liquor remaining, as mentioned above, exits the wash chamber 26,exits the wash chamber sump 36, and is eventually shunted to thereclamation unit 14. Because some residual wash liquor may remain invarious sumps, filters, and conduits, a series of one way valves (notshown) may be used anywhere along the system to minimize the amount ofwash liquor remaining in the wash unit 12 during the drying cycle.

In addition, to the above described embodiment, other components mayexist, such as sensors for temperature, humidity, vapor, oxygen, CO andCO₂, electrical conduction, enzyme levels, siloxane vapor, siloxaneliquid, HFE vapor, HFE liquid, volume, IWF liquid or vapor, level, andpressure.

B. Wash Unit Drying System

FIGS. 3 to 6B illustrate a closed loop drying system. With reference toFIG. 3, shown is a front view of the wash chamber 26 with the basket 34removed. In the upper positions of the wash chamber rear section 32 areone or more drying outlets 54. These drying outlets provide fluidcommunication between the interior of the wash chamber 26 and a tubassembly manifold 56. Also shown is the tub assembly central portion 58that communicates with the drive system 60 (see FIG. 4) to drive thewash chamber. An interior surface 62 of the manifold is seen in the topleft outlet 54. The position of the outlets 54 ought to be designed sothat bulk fluid does not enter the drying loop in appreciable amounts orfluid entry is minimized. To this end, controlled gates (not shown) maybe added to block the outlet 54 until opened. The number of outlets canbe chosen to maximize the air flow in the basket 34 so that maximalcontact of air with the fabrics is achieved. Similarly, the outlet sizethat is, the diameter of the outlet (if circular) may also affect theair flow pattern and thus the size may be altered to accommodate foroptimal air flow patterns. To this end, the controlled gates (not shown)may also be used to alter the air flow pattern. In one embodiment theair flow rate is about 200 m³/hour.

FIG. 4 shows a rear view of the tub assembly 24. Shown is the tubassembly manifold 56 and the tub central portion 58, and part of thedrive system 60. As part of the air flow during the drying loop, airexits the drying outlet(s) 54, enters the tub assembly manifold 56, andexits the manifold 56 through the flexible conduit 64.

FIGS. 5 and 6A show another view of the drying loop. In one embodiment,the flexible conduit 64 is in fluid communication with a lint filterhousing 66, which contains a lint filter 68. Large particulates can becaptured by the lint filter 68 to avoid the build-up of particulates onthe components in the drying loop, such as the blower, the condenser,the heater, etc. The lint filter housing 66 may also include a filterlock 70 that is adapted to lock down the lint filter 68 when the machine10 is activated to avoid a breach of the closed system. In addition,when the machine is deactivated, the consumer can clean the lint filter68 as one normally would do in traditional drying machines. The lintfilter 68 may also include a gasket at the interface of the lint filer68 and the wash unit outer housing 13. While shown as one filter, theremay be many lint filters in the air flow path to collect as muchparticulates as possible and these lint filters may be located anywherealong any path or loop or be incorporated into the condenser design. Thelint filter housing 66 is in fluid communication with a blower 72. Theuse of multiple lint filters before the blower 72 would minimize theamount of particulates entering the remaining portion of the dryingcycle.

The blower 72 is preferably a sealed blower to control the output slowrate and the output slow temperature so that the air in the drying loopis controlled. The blower may be a fixed rate blower or a variable rateblower. The blower 72 may also be sealed to prevent leakage orcontamination of the air to be dried. In addition, the blower may beencased to contain any leakage. The blower 72 is in fluid communicationwith a condenser system 74 via a condenser conduit 76. Not shown is anoptional conduit damper that may be adapted to control the flow rateinto the condenser system 74. In this regard, the air flow into thecondenser system 74 can be modulated by using the damper or by alteringthe blow rate of the blower 72 or both.

FIGS. 5, 6A, and 6B show an illustrative condenser system 74. In FIG. 5,shown is a condenser fan 78 that blows air onto one or more condenserunits 80. FIGS. 6A and 6B show an illustrative view of the condenserunits 80, in particular showing a first condenser unit 82 and a secondcondenser unit 84 inside the condenser body 85. FIGS. 5 and 6A also showa condenser pan 86 generally located at the bottom of the body 85. Inthis regard, air is blown from the blower 72 into the condenser system74 and is passed over the condenser units 80. In one embodiment, the airinflow may be passed over a diffuser to diffuse the air over thecondenser units 80. In another embodiment, the body 85 is divided intotwo or more chambers by at least one septum. Accordingly, air is blownfrom the blower 72 into the system 74, passes into the body 85, andthereby passes over the first condenser unit 82. Condensation occurs andthe condensate drips down into the pan 86. Meanwhile, the air is routed,optionally via a molded piece or a baffle, from the first chamber into asecond one and over the second condenser unit 84. Condensation from thesecond condenser unit 82 drips down into the condenser pan 86. Thecondensate in the drip pan 86 is routed to a condenser sump 88. Thecondenser sump can be separate from or integral to the wash chamber sump(not shown). The air that passes the second condenser unit 84 is routedvia a heater conduit 90 that ultimately connects to a heater 92. Thecondenser units 80 may be consumer accessible and may be adapted to beaccessed once the machine 10 is deactivated. FIG. 6A shows a condenserunit 82 partially removed from the condenser body 85.

Although shown in FIG. 6A as a vertical condenser unit 82, 84, thecondenser units may be angled relative to the air flow. In this regard,the individual plates 94 of the unit are in maximum contact with the airflow. In addition, as condensation forms on the plates, the condensationmay form droplets that further increase the surface area in contact withthe air flow. This stimulates further condensation. In addition, as thedroplet size increases beyond the point where the droplet can remainstatic on the plate 94, it will drip down into the pan. The stream ofliquid caused by the droplet movement also increases the surface areaexposed to the air flow and thereby stimulates further condensation.

In addition, the condenser system 74 may also be provided with adirect-spray condensation method that utilizes a direct contactcondensation phase change mode. “Cold” working fluid (that is, workingfluid that is at a temperature less than the temperature of the airflow) may be sprayed into the air flow stream. As the sprayed fluidimpacts the vapor in the air flow stream, the sprayed fluid absorbs someof the vapor's latent heat causing some of the vapor to condense into aliquid. This condensate will also fall into the condenser pan 86. Thiscold working fluid may be obtained from the chiller process described inthe reclamation loop, as shown in FIG. 11.

Although mentioned in the context of the condenser system 74, thisdirect contact condensation method may also be used as air enters themanifold 56. A sprayer may spray cold working fluid into the air flowstream causing the vapor to condense in the manifold 56. Cold workingfluid may be routed from the reclamation unit after the working fluidhas been chilled (see FIG. 11). The condensate will drip down into thelower portion of the manifold 56. A conduit (not shown) may be in fluidcommunication with the condenser pan 86 thereby routing manifold derivedcondensate to the pan 86 or to the condenser sump 88. Alternatively, thecondensate may be routed to the sump 36. In another embodiment, directcontact condensers may be used at either the manifold 56, at thecondenser system 74 as described above, or both. One advantage of usinga manifold direct contact condensation method is that particulates canbe trapped by the condensate, shunted to any pan or any sump, and laterfiltered. In this regard, the amount of particulates that enter the lintfilter 68 and the subsequent drying loop is reduced.

An alternate condensation system includes a condenser system similar toa radiator condensation system. For example, in the reclamation unit(see FIG. 11), chilled coolant is produced. This chilled coolant can beshunted into a condenser coil in the condenser body 85. As such, airthat enters the system 74 passes over the condenser coils carrying thecoolant and thus causes condensation on the coils. The condensationaccumulates in the condenser pan 78. The coolant is recirculated back tothe coolant compressor system in the reclamation unit. In yet anotherembodiment, the condenser units 82, 84 may be used in conjunction withthe coolant compressor system of the reclamation unit. In yet anotherembodiment, during the reclamation process, working fluid that has beencooled via the chiller (see FIG. 11) can be routed into the radiatorcondensation system just described. In any condensation system, watermay be used as a coolant in tubing or for direct contact condensation.

In any embodiment where condensation is occurring, the condenser can beused as a lint collector as condensation forming on the units willattract lint and condensation droplets dropping will impact lint.Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention resides in using acondensation system to minimize the amount of lint in an air flow.

In yet another embodiment, in the condenser system, the working fluid,water, and some residual adjuvants, may condense in the first pass. Asthese components have different phases, the working fluid may have adifferent phase than water. As such, the water (and residual adjuvantsfor that matter) can be captured and returned to the reclamation unit.The water can be captured via gravimetric separation or membraneseparation or can be collected in an absorption bed and re-used asneeded in another cycle or later in the same cycle.

To ensure that air flow is maximized in the condenser system, in analternate embodiment, the blower 72 may blow air into the condensersystem 74 from the bottom of the condenser body 85. A diffuser may beused at the bottom of the condenser body 85 to break up the air flow anddiffuse the air over the condenser units 82, 84 (or the radiator tubingas described above). The condenser fan 78 may also be large enough toblow air over the entire surface area of the condenser units 82, 84.That is, a diffuser may be used to diffuse the incoming air over thecondenser units 82, 84, or over the condensing radiator coils.

Another alternate condensation system includes a spinning disk system.The description and drawings can be found in DE19615823C2, hereby orincorporated by reference. In addition to water as a cooling media, IWFfrom the storage tank can be placed over the spinning disc and this canbe accomplished at room temperature but also at a below room temperaturevia the chiller/compressor. Any other cooling technology may beutilized.

FIG. 6B shows another alternate condensation system of a fin-tubearrangement. In this arrangement, condenser tubes 99 pass through aplurality of fins 97. On each fin, there are a plurality of condensertubes. The fins may be spaced very close to each other. As coolanttravels through the condenser tubes, it cools part of the fin. Becausemany tubes are attached to a fin, the net effect is that the fin cools.In addition, the fin may be shaped to create an airflow change acrossthe width or length of the fin. This change exposes more air to the finfor a longer period of time. Accordingly, as the air flow passes, itcontacts the condenser tubes and starts a condensation process along thetubes. In addition, the air flow contacts the vertical fins and starts acondensation process along the fin. As such, condensation forms alongthe tubes and the fins. This greatly enhances the condensationefficiency, and hence the drying efficiency. Thus, a great deal ofcondensation is removed in the first pass. In those embodiments where amini-recondensation loop is formed (that is, a second loop which takesthe first pass air flow and recirculates it through the condensingsystem before being routed to the heater), the condensation systemefficiency is greatly enhanced before that vapor is routed to the heaterto be warmed up.

Another alternate condensation system includes a bubble condensationsystem. A bubble condensation system works on the principle that theairflow or vapor stream passes through one or more perforated conduits,such as an air diffuser. The vapor stream escapes from theseperforations, in a bubble fashion, into a chilled condensation bath. Thechilled condensation bath may comprise a bath of the working fluid. Inthis regard, the vapor stream is bubbled into the condensation bath ofthe chilled working fluid. The chilled working fluid cools the vaporstream, thereby condensing it into a liquid. The contents of thecondensation bath may then be directed to the reclamation unit forreclamation. An advantage of using a bubble condensation system is thatthe condenser fan 78 is eliminated. Only the blower 72 need be used. Inanother embodiment, the condensation can take place in the storage tank.The chilled working fluid may be obtained from the chiller system of thereclamation unit. Another advantage is that the condensation bath actsas a particulate and lint filter such that upon condensation, theparticulates are trapped in the condensation bath. Because of thevarious boiling points of the chemicals in the airflow, the condensationbath may be adapted to capture various chemicals as they condense out.For example, water may be captured separately from the working fluid.Various beds, such as a zeolite bed or silica bed, may be used tocapture the water. Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention residesin blowing an airflow through a bubble forming mechanism to bubble theairflow into a chilled condensation bath.

Alternative condensing technologies include, but are not limited tothermoelectric coolers, peltier elements, thermo-acoustic and membranetechnologies. Membranes, more specifically, cross-flow membranes, willgenerate a pressure drop across the membrane material that will act as adriving force to condense the IWF from the air.

Similarly, in any condensation modality described herein, controllingthe condensation may control chemical separation. As mentioned, variouschemical absorbing beds may be used to select out chemicals. Inaddition, temperature may be altered in the condensation system tocontrol condensation rates. Because various chemicals have differingdensities or miscibility quotients, liquid layer separation techniques,such as skimming, siphoning, or gravimetric methods may be used.

When using a condenser sump 88, the contents of the condenser sump 88 orthe condensation bath may take several routes. Contents may be routeddirectly into the reclamation unit by a conduit. On the other hand, thecontents may be routed to the wash unit recirculation system previouslydescribed. For example, contents may be routed to the wash chamber sump36, to a position before or after the filter 38, to a position before orafter the recirculation pump 40, to a position before or after therecirculation valve 42, or to an area between the wash chamber 26 andthe basket 34. In this regard, routing the contents to the wash unitrecirculation system permits the use of the existing plumbing. It isadvantageous to avoid introducing the contents directly into the basket34 so as to avoid wetting the fabrics that are intended to be dried.Notwithstanding, the contents may be selectively introduced back intothe basket 34 (either directly or through the dispenser system) so thatthe fabrics are not over-dried and that the desired amount of fabrichumidity is maintained.

In addition, the condensation may be selectively routed to thereclamation unit or the wash unit recirculation system. For example, theinitial drying airflow may contain residues from the wash cycle.Accordingly, upon condensation, this residue containing liquid may berouted to the reclamation unit for processing. As the drying cycleprogresses, the amount of residue decreases and thus the condensationcontents may be routed to the wash unit recirculation system until it isselectively reclaimed.

As with any sump, tank, container, dispenser described herein, a fillsensor, such as a float sensor may be used to monitor the volume of theitem so that a pump can be activated to pump out the volume and avoidoverflowing or spillage. Similarly, fill sensors may be used to activateor deactivate the recirculation process, drying, or the reclamationloops.

Returning now to FIGS. 5 and 6A, a heater conduit 90 is shown incommunication with a heater 92. In this embodiment, the heater 92 heatsthe air so that hotter air is returned to the fabric load to be dried.To optimize the heat transfer from the heating units within the heater92 to the air flow, the heater conduit 90 may be in a position away fromthe wash chamber conduit 96 (which may be insulated), which connects tothe wash chamber inlet 98. The chamber inlet 98 may be located in theboot 28. In this embodiment, the heater conduit 90 is in an oppositecorner than the wash chamber conduit 96 such that the air flow enteringthe heater 92 is heated optimally before exiting the heater 92 into thewash chamber conduit 96. To further optimize heat transfer, the heater92 may contain various baffles, mazes, walls, deflectors, etc. that areconfigured to steer the air flow into a long path whilst inside theheater 92. Optimization may occur by increasing the number of heaterelements within the heater 92, increasing the time spent in the heater,and/or increasing the air flow distance it travels in the heater. Forexample, if resistance wire thermocouple type heating is being used,then the number of thermocouples may be increased accordingly. Inaddition, to optimize heating, various circuits may be used with variouscontrollers to control the heat application in various sectors of theheater. The heater 92 itself may be designed to create optimized airflow, such as being conical, football, or triangular shaped so as tosteer the air to the wash chamber conduit 96 during heating.

In one embodiment, the condenser conduit 76 enters the condenser system74 from the bottom and provides a substantially straight path throughthe condenser system 76 to the heater conduit 90 and a substantiallystraight path to the heater 92. In this regard, flow losses aresignificantly reduced and flow rates can be better controlled.

In addition, although shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 as one wash chamber conduit96, there may be several outlets from the heater into the same conduit96. Furthermore, there may be one conduit 96 splitting into multiplewash chamber inlets 98. In effect, it may be desirable to have multipleinlets into the wash chamber so that hot airflow may be maximized andthat excellent drying achieved.

In one embodiment, a heater capable of maintaining about 70° C. may beused. A heater that is capable of doing so is a 3300 W, 240 V, 15 Ampheater. The heater ought to be designed as to keep the air hot but notso hot as to approach the flash point of the residual vapor in the airflow. Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention resides in a heaterthat is adapted to maintain a temperature that is less than the flashpoint of a working fluid. Any heater may be insulated to assist in heatretention. In addition, the heater can be located near the wash chamberinlet 98 as to minimize the heat loss in the wash chamber conduit 96.The heater 92 may also be located above the condenser system 74 to avoidany liquid condensate from entering the heater. Accordingly, anembodiment of the invention resides in a heater that is at a locationhigher than a condenser system 74. Furthermore, the heater control maybe designed as to increase the heating capacity if the initial fabricload was a wet load. (Commonly, the fabric load is generally dry priorto washing. A wet load, such as rain soaked clothing or wet towels,starts off wet.) Accordingly, the machine 10 may sense that the initialfabric load is a wet load or the consumer may initiate the wash cycleand select a wet load start cycle. This auto-detection or consumerselection may control the heating cycle at a later time. The heater 92may also include a sensor to measure the humidity of the air flow.

The heater 92 may also include a working fluid sensor to sense thepresence of any working fluid. If the sensor detects very little to noresidual working fluid, the heating control may step up the heating toachieve a reduced drying time cycle. For example, the heating mayincrease to above 70° C. An additional feature that may be incorporatedin the heater is a sensor to measure the concentration of IWF presentinside the heater. If a critical concentration is exceeded, the shut-offprocedure will be activated.

Although not shown, the drying cycle may include a means to add dryingadjuvants. Some potential adjuvants that may be added to improve thedrying process include, but are not limited to heating the IWF prior toextraction spin-out 173, via a sump heater, heating the air during theextraction step, alcohol or other solvents that have any affinity forwater and the IWF, additives that decrease the viscosity of the IWF,anionic or cationic surfactants added during the rinse or during theextraction to further facilitate the decrease in interfacial tension andthe subsequent improvement in the extraction rate, a lower pressure inthe system to facilitate increased temperatures and increased vaporremoval, an increase in an inert gas such as nitrogen in the environmentwhich can be accomplished via a gas purge or a membrane that selectivelyremoves oxygen from the environment thus increasing the temperatureallowed in the drum as well as the removal rate of vapor and/or aperfume to deodorize or mask any odors.

The drying cycle also may take into consideration the tub assemblycharacteristics. For example, to effectively and efficiently dryfabrics, the air flow ought to travel through the fabrics to the rearsection 32. It is undesirable to have a constant patterned air flowthrough the basket if that air flow pattern does not pass through asubstantial portion of the fabrics. To this end, it is desirable tochange the air flow in the basket so that hot air will pass through thefabrics. Accordingly, the tub assembly may include a drive motor that isadapted to change the speed of the basket rotation, change the directionof the basket rotation, and a means to create a partial low pressurearea at the rear section 32. In this last regard, the air flow travelsfrom the high pressure area by the wash chamber inlet 98 across thegradient to the low pressure area at the rear section 32. Variousflappers or baffles may be used to change the air flow pattern. Theseflappers or baffles may be molded into the basket or may be retractable.In addition because some baskets are tilted towards the back, a bafflemay be added to the rear section of the basket that pushes fabrics awayfrom the back to avoid clumping at the rear section. Other modes tochange the air flow pattern include varying the perforation openings,closing some perforations during the drying cycle, or the like.

C. Reclamation of Fluids and Waste Disposal

FIG. 7 demonstrates an embodiment of the reclamation unit 14 with thereclamation unit outer housing removed. Fluid returned from the washunit 12 is preferably routed to an optional waste tank 100. The optionalwaste tank 100 includes a waste tank top surface 102, a waste tankbottom area 104, and a waste tank outlet (not shown). The waste tank 100comprises a material compatible with the working fluid used. The tank ispreferably clear or semi-opaque so that the fluid level of the tank canbe readily determined. In addition, the tank may also include internalor external fluid level indicators, such as graduated markings. The tankvolume may be greater than the sum total volume of working fluid plusany adjuvants used such that the entire fluid volume of the machine canbe adequately stored in the waste tank. The waste tank bottom area 104may be shaped as to direct the waste tank contents towards the wastetank outlet (not shown). In one embodiment, the waste tank outlet isgenerally located at the bottom of the waste tank so that gravityassists the fluid transport through the waste tank outlet. The wastetank may also include a pressure relief valve 106 to relieve accumulatedpressures in the tank.

With regard to tank construction, if the tank is not uniformly molded,then any seals ought to be tight and resistant to wear, dissolution,leaching, etc. The inside walls of the tank can be microtextured to bevery smooth, without substantial surface defects, so that waste fluidentering the tank is easily flowed to the tank bottom. In addition, theinside wall should be easily cleanable. To this end, the tank mayinclude a series of scrapers that periodically scrape the side walls andbottom to ensure that little or no waste sticks to the walls and thebottom and that such waste is channeled to the tank outlet. The scrapersmay be controlled via programming. Although not shown, the tank outletmay also include a removable particulate filter. Additionally, the tankmay include a layer of insulation material that helps sustain thedesired temperatures for each systems' heating/cooling mechanisms eitherwithin or surrounding the tanks.

The tank outlet is in fluid communication with a high pressure pump 108,which pumps the waste tank contents into a chiller 110, which furthercools the waste tank contents. The chiller preferably resides in aninsulated box to maintain a cooler environment.

FIG. 8 demonstrates a partial back end view of the reclamation unit. Thecooled waste tank contents are then pumped from the chiller to a chillermultiway valve 112. Between the chiller and the multiway valve 112 is atemperature sensor (not shown). The default position of the valve shuntsthe cooled waste tank contents back into the waste tank 100. Thus,cooled waste tank contents are returned to the waste tank 100. The wastetank 100 may also include a temperature sensor to measure thetemperature of the waste tank contents. When the desired temperature isachieved, for example, less than 0° C., the multiway valve 112 may shuntthe cooled waste tank contents into a cross flow membrane 114. A lessthan zero temperature is desirable as water will freeze and thus notpermeate in the cross flow membrane.

FIG. 8 also shows the chiller 110 with the back panel removed to showthe chiller contents. The chiller 110 may comprise a chilling coil 116that has an coil inlet (not shown) and a coil outlet 118. The chillingcoil 116 may include an outer cover 120 such that the chilling coil 116and the outer cover 120 form a coaxial arrangement. Disposed between thecoil 116 and the outer cover 120 is a coolant. Accordingly, the coolantbeing carried by the outer cover 120 chills waste tank contents flowingthrough the coil 116. The coolant is circulated into the chiller 110 viaa compressor system, which includes a coolant coil 122 and a coolantcompressor 124. Thus, the compressor 124 cools the coolant in thecoolant coil 122. This cooled coolant is then pumped into the coaxialspace between the outer cover 120 and the chilling coil 116, such thatthe waste tank contents are ultimately cooled. This default loopcontinues for as long as necessary.

It is also understood that other cooling technologies may be used tocool the waste tank contents as desired. For example, instead of havingwater cool the compressor system, an air-cooled heat exchanger similarto a radiator can be used. Alternatively, the IWF may be cooled bymoving water through cooling coils, or by thermoelectric devicesheaters, expansion valves, cooling towers, or thermo-acoustic devicesto, cool the waste tank contents.

In addition, as mentioned earlier, and in reference to FIG. 11, becausethis cooled coolant is being generated, it may be used for thecondensation system in the wash unit 12. As such, various multiwayvalves may be used to shunt coolant to the wash unit 12, for example,for use as a coolant in radiator-type tubing. Moreover, as mentionedabove, cooled working fluid 156 may be used to assist in condensation inthe direct condensation methods described above. Accordingly, themultiway valve may shunt cooled working fluid to the wash unit to assistin condensation.

FIGS. 8 and 9 demonstrate the waste tank content flow. As mentionedabove, once the desired temperature is achieved, the multiway valve 112shunts the flow to the cross flow membrane 114. In an alternateembodiment, a recirculation loop may be set up such that the waste tankcontents are recirculated through the chiller 110, as opposed to beingrouted back into the waste tank 100. In this regard, the chillermultiway valve 112 may have an additional shunt that shunts the contentsback into the path between the high pressure pump 108 and the chiller110. Once the desired temperature is achieved, the multiway valve 112shunts the flow to the cross flow membrane 114. The cross flow membrane114 has a proximal end 126 and a distal end 128. As waste tank contentsare pumped into the proximal end 126, filtration begins and a permeateand a concentrate waste are formed 169.

The permeate flows down to the bottom of the cross flow membrane andexits the membrane 114 and enters a permeate pump 130. This permeatepump 130 pumps the permeate into a permeate filter 132, such as a carbonbed filter. The permeate enters the permeate filter 132 via the permeatefilter proximal end 134, travels across the filter media, and exits viathe permeate filter distal end 136. The permeate filter is selected forits ability to filter out organic residues, such as odors, fatty acids,dyes, petroleum based products, or the like that are miscible enoughwith the bulk solvent to pass through the cross flow membrane. Suchfilters may include activated carbon, alumina, silica gel, diatomaceousearth, aluminosilicates, polyamide resin, hydrogels, zeolites,polystyrene, polyethylene, divinyl benzene and/or molecular sieves. Inany embodiment, the permeate may pass over or through several permeatefilters, either sequentially or non-sequentially. In addition, thepermeate filter may be one or more stacked layers of filter media.Accordingly, the flow may pass through one or more sequential filtersand/or one or more stacked and/or unstacked filters. The preferredgeometry for liquid and vapor removal for activated carbon is sphericaland cylindrical. These systems may have a density between 0.25 to 0.75g/cm³ with preferred ranges of 0.40 to 0.70 g/cm³. Surface areas mayrange from 50 to 2500 m²/g with a preferred range of 250 to 1250 m²/g.The particle size may range from 0.05 to 500 μm with a preferred rangeof 0.1 to 100 μm. A preferred pressure drop across the packed bed wouldrange from 0.05 to 1.0×10⁶ Pa with a preferred range of 0.1 to 1000 Pa.A porosity may range from 0.1 to 0.95 with a preferred range from 0.2 to0.6.

For silica beds, the following characteristics may be present. Thepreferred geometry for liquid and vapor removal is spherical andcylindrical. These systems may have a density from 0.25 to 0.95 g/cm³with a preferred range from 0.60 to 0.85 g/cm³; a particle size range of0.0005 to 0.010 m with a preferred range of 0.001 to 0.005 m; apreferred pressure drop across the packed bed between 0.05 to 1.0×10⁶ Pawith a preferred range of 0.1 to 1000 Pa; and a porosity ranging from0.1 to 0.95 with a preferred range from 0.2 to 0.6.

After the permeate is filtered, the permeate is routed into the cleantank 138, where the permeate, which is now substantially purifiedworking fluid, is stored. The purified working fluid should be greaterthan 90% free from contaminants with a preferred range of 95% to 99%. Asdesired, the working fluid is pumped from the clean tank 138 via a fillpump 140 to the wash unit 12.

The cross flow membrane 114 is also selected for its ability to filterout the working fluid as a permeate. Cross flow membranes may be polymerbased or ceramic based. The membrane 114 is also selected for itsability to filter out particulates or other large molecular entities.The utility of a cross flow membrane, if polymer based, is a functionof, inter alia, the number of hollow fibers in the unit, the channelheight (e.g., the diameter of the fiber if cylindrical), length of thefiber, and the pore size of the fiber. Accordingly, it is desirable thatthe number of fibers is sufficient to generate enough flow through themembrane without significant back up or clogging at the proximal end.The channel height is selected for its ability to permit particulates topass without significant back up or clogging at the proximal end. Thepore size is selected to ensure that the working fluid passes out aspermeate without significant other materials passing through aspermeate. Accordingly, a preferred membrane would be one that wouldremove all particulate matter, separate micelles, separate water andother hydrophilic materials, separate hydrophobic materials that areoutside the solubility region of the working fluid, and remove bacteriaor other microbes. Nano-filtration is a preferred method to removebacteria and viruses.

Ceramic membranes offer high permeate fluxes, resistance to mostsolvents, and are relatively rigid structures, which permits easiercleaning. Polymer based membranes offer cost effectiveness,disposability, and relatively easier cleaning. Polymer based membranesmay comprise polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and/or methyl esters, or anymixture thereof. Pore sizes for membranes may range from 0.005 to 1.0micron, with a preferred range of 0.01 to 0.2 microns. Flux ranges formembranes may range from 0.5 to 250 kg/hour of working fluid with apreferred minimum flux of 30 kg/hour (or about 10-5000 kg/m²). Fiberlumen size or channel height may range from 0.05 to 0.5 mm so thatparticulates may pass through. The dimension of the machine determinesthe membrane length. For example, the membrane may be long enough thatit fits across a diagonal. A length may, preferably, be between 5 to 75cm, and more preferably 10 to 30 cm. The membrane surface area may bebetween 10 to 2000 cm², with 250 to 1500 cm² and 300 to 750 cm² beingpreferred.

The preferred membrane fiber size is dependent upon the molecular weightcutoff for the items that need to be separated. As mentioned earlier,the preferred fiber would be one that would remove all particulatematter, separate micelles, separate water and other hydrophilicmaterials, separate hydrophobic materials that are outside thesolubility region of the working fluid, and remove bacteria or othermicrobes. The hydrophobic materials are primarily body soils that aremixtures of fatty acids. Some of the smaller chain fatty acids (C₁₂ andC₁₃) have lower molecular weights (200 or below) while some fatty acidsexceed 500 for a molecular weight. A preferred surfactant for thesesystems are silicone surfactants having an average molecular size from500-20000.

For example, in siloxane based working fluid machines, the fiber shouldbe able to pass molecular weights less than 1000, more preferably lessthan 500 and most preferably less than 400. In addition, the preferredfibers should be hydrophobic in nature, or have a hydrophobic coating torepel water trying to pass. For the contaminants that pass through thefibers, the absorber and/or absorber filters will remove the remainingcontaminants. Some preferred hydrophobic coatings are aluminum oxides,silicone nitrate, silicone carbide and zirconium. Accordingly, anembodiment of the invention resides in a cross flow membrane that isadapted to permit a recovery of the working fluid as a permeate.

Returning to FIGS. 8 and 9, the permeate took the path that led to apermeate pump. The concentrate, however, takes another path. Theconcentrate exits the cross flow membrane distal end 128 and is routedto a concentrate multiway valve 142. In the default position, theconcentrate multiway valve 142 shunts the concentrate to the waste tank100. The concentrate that enters the waste tank 100 is then routed backthrough the reclamation process described above. Once the concentratemultiway valve is activated, the concentrate is routed to a dead endfilter 144.

Because a goal of the concentrate multiway valve 142 is to shunt (bydefault) to the waste tank 100, the result is that more waste tankcontents are filtered and more working fluid is recovered as permeate.Eventually though, it becomes necessary for the multiway valve 142 toshunt the concentrate to the dead end filter. This activation may betriggered by various events. First, the activation may be timed, eitherin terms of real-time monitoring or by the number of times thereclamation process has occurred. For example, the real time monitoringmay control the shunting to occur every hour, day, week, month, etc. Forcycle timing, the shunting may occur every n^(th) wash cycle or everyn^(th) reclamation cycle (where n>0). In addition, various sensors maybe used to control the valve activation. For example, a turbidity sensormay be used to measure how turbid the concentrate is. In addition, aconductivity sensor may be used. One potential application of aconductivity sensor is to measure the water concentration. A viscositysensor may be used to measure the viscosity. A light transmittancesensor may be used to measure the relative opacity or translucence ofthe concentrate. Drawing off a fixed volume of concentrate into a loop,measuring the mass, and calculating the density may use a densitysensor. A volumetric sensor may be used to measure the amount of workingfluid recovered by comparing the volume of working fluid at thebeginning of the wash cycle to the volume of working fluid recoveredafter some of the reclamation process. The comparison would result in anestimate of the amount of working fluid in the concentrate. Finally, theactivation may be simply a manual activation as desired. In any sensoruse, once reaching a desired threshold, the sensor activates the valveto shunt to the dead end filter 144.

The dead end filter 144 may be a container that includes an internalfilter 146. As concentrate enters the dead end filter 144, theconcentrate collects on the internal filter 146. Based on the type offilter used, permeate will pass through the filter 146 and be routed tothe waste tank 100 or eventually into the clean tank. The concentratewill remain in the dead end filter. To assist in drawing out remainingliquids from the concentrate so that it passes to the waste tank, avacuum may be created inside to draw out more liquid. In addition, thedead end filter 144 may include a press that presses down on theconcentrate to compact the concentrate and to squeeze liquids throughthe internal filter 146. The dead end filter 144 may also include one ormore choppers or scrapers to scrape down the sides of the filter and tochop up the compacted debris. In this regard, in the next operation ofthe press, the press recompacts the chopped up debris to further drawout the liquids. The dead end filter may be consumer accessible so thatthe dead end filter may be cleaned, replaced, or the like; and theremaining debris removed. In addition, the dead end filter may becompleted without the assistance of a vacuum, in a low temperatureevaporation step or an incineration step. Capturing theconcentrate/retentate and then passing a low heat stream of air withsimilar conditions to the drying air over the filter will complete thelow temperature evaporation step. The IWF will be removed and thenrouted to the condenser where it will condense and then returned to theclean tank.

Another concern that needs to be addressed in the re-use of the filtersbeds. Some potential means to prevent fouling or to reduce fouling arevia chemical addition or cleaning, reducing the temperature and phasechanging the water to ice and then catching the ice crystals via afilter mechanism, or coating the membranes with special surfaces tominimize the risk of fouling. A way to regenerate the filters includesbut is not limited to the addition of heat, pH, ionic strength, vacuum,mechanical force, electric field and combinations thereof.

Sensors

Various sensors may be located along any path, such as the drying,recirculation, wash, or reclamation paths. For example, temperaturesensors may be associated with the waste tank 100 to measure thetemperature of the waste tank contents; with the chiller 110 to monitorthe temperature of the contents and to activate the chiller multiwayvalve 112; with the clean tank 138 to monitor the temperature of theworking fluid; with the coolant compressor-coil system to ensure thatthe chiller 110 operates efficiently; or anywhere else as desired.

Other sensors may include a single pressure sensor to monitor thepressure at a given point. For example, a single pressure sensor may beassociated with the waste tank 100 to ensure that pressure is adequatelyrelieved via the pressure relief valve 106; with the clean tank 138;with the coolant compressor-coil system; with the high pressure pump 108to ensure that the high pressure pump is operating at a high enoughpressure; or as desired anywhere else. In addition, double pairedpressure sensors in which one-half of the pair is located on either sideof a component, may be used. This arrangement permits a pressuregradient measurement across the component. For example, the doublepressure sensor system may be associated with the cross flow membrane114 to measure if there is a questionable pressure drop across themembrane that may indicate that the membrane is becoming clogged; withthe permeate filter 132 to measure a pressure drop that may indicatethat the filter is becoming clogged; or anywhere else as desired.Additionally, the present sensors can be used to measure the levels inthe tank and/or the drum.

Other sensors may include leak sensors in the pans to sense if leakingoccurs, leak sensors to sense for fluid leaks, flow rate sensors ormeters to measure the quantity of fluid or quantity of air that hasmoved past the flow meter point; a weight sensor to estimate the size ofa load or the saturation of a load; sensors to indicate when the machineis deactivated so that the consumer may interact with it (e.g., ready toclean lint filter, clean condenser units, clean condenser radiatorcoils, ready to swap out cartridges, ready to load/unload fabrics, etc.)

Level detection is an important feature that may be used to determine ifservice needs to be scheduled, when the reclamation cycle is complete,potential leaking of the system, etc. Some potential methods to detectlevels in the drum, storage tanks and condensing reservoirs arecontinuous and point level sensing. One method for continuous levelsensing is through pressure, but these sensors need to be robust to theIWF and isolated from the system. Another continuous level sensor isultrasonic and the material choices are PVDF, ceramic crystals, quartzcyrstals, electrostatic and MEMS. Shaped electromagnetic field (SEF),float sensing, laser deflection and petrotape/chemtape are othercontinuous level sensing techniques. Potential point level sensingtechniques are capacitive, float sensing, conductivity and electricfield imaging.

Turbidity is another important sensing feature useful in determiningcontamination level that could facilitate more detergent dispensing oranother cycle through the reclamation system. Turbidity sensors can beplaced in the storage tanks or the sump area of the wash system and canbe accomplished via conductivity measurements, infrared technology andthe combination of level sensor such as SEF and flow measurements.

Flow sensing can be used to determine the amount of fluid in the storagetanks, the drum, and the condenser as a possible means to terminate thedrying cycle, the fullness of the filter beds, etc. This can becompleted using turbines or positive displacement sensors.

Another useful sensor measurement is humidity for both water vapor andIWF detection. This can be utilized to help determine the presence of aleak, the termination of the drying cycle, if a dehydration step toremove water needs to be completed before an IWF wash. Some technologiesthat may be useful are non-dispersive infrared, solid state, acousticwave and metal oxide semiconductors.

Alternate Heat Use

FIG. 10 describes an alternate embodiment for utilizing the heat fromthe chiller system. As shown above, the compressor system includes aseries of coolant coils that assist in cooling the waste tank contents.As such, that coolant begins to heat up. The coolant as the compressoris cooling it can be shunted to the wash unit for use in thecondensation loop, the heated coolant may be used also. Accordingly,heated chiller coolant 149 may be shunted to the drying cycle to assist150 in drying. The heat in the coolant may be used in the heater 92 toassist in heating the air. That is, it can be used to assist the heaterwires. In addition, the heated coolant 151 may be directed to the washchamber 26 to assist in heating the wash chamber 26 or the basket 34. Inthis regard, energy savings is achieved because heat generated elsewhereis being used in the drying cycle.

The heated coolant may, however, be used in the reclamation unit 14. Insome embodiments, various adsorbent beds may be used to trap variouschemicals. The heated coolant may be used to remove the adsorbed 152chemical from the bed, thereby refreshing the bed. In addition, theheated coolant may be passed through a phase change material 153 forstorage. For example, the phase of certain chemicals may be changed bythe introduction of the heat. Later when necessary, the phase can bereturned to the original phase thereby liberating the heat in anexothermic reaction. In this regard, the heat may be stored untildesired.

In some instances, thermal management may be very effective in such aprocess. The motors turning the drum and operating the pumptraditionally give off heat. This heat may be effectively used inheating the non-aqueous fluid for drying, spinning and/or heating therinse fluid to promote increased cleaning. Additionally, some type ofcooling mechanism is a preferred embodiment to the reclamation systemand this cooling system can be interspersed throughout the product toprovide more energy efficient heating and cooling.

Alternate Condensation Loop

FIG. 11 demonstrates an alternate condensation loop 161. In this case,fluid from the manifold 56 may be collected 162 for direct spraycondensation, as described above. Similarly, fluid collected in thecondenser 74 may be used for direct spray condensation 154. As describedabove, the chiller system 110 may be used for direct spray condensationeither in the manifold 56 or in the condenser 74. Coolant 155 from thechiller system may be used in the condenser system 74. Fluid in thecondenser 74 may also be directed to the waste tank 100, such as whenthe last wash cycle is over. Condenser 74 fluid may be routed to thewash chamber sump for recondensation, especially if phase separation isdesired. Similarly, fluid collected in the condenser sump 88 can bererouted back through the condenser system 74. All heaters in the fluidpath are optional, but in FIG. 11, it shows a heater between thecondenser sump 88 and the wash chamber 26. Also shown is that thecondenser sump 88 adjuvants, etc., may be used elsewhere or recovered.Optionally, the water may be sent to the drain 159 and/or used forcondenser cleaning 160.

Alternate Recirculation Loop

FIG. 12 shows an alternate recirculation loop. Various pathways exist ifthe intent is to heat the fluid, although any heater shown is optional.Valves may exist to direct the fluid to the reclamation unit 14 from thewash chamber 26, the wash chamber sump 36, after the coarse lint filter36, or after the recirculation pump 40. Similarly, a path may exist fromthe recirculation pump 40 to the tub inlet 52 directly, therebybypassing the dispenser 48. In another path, fluid may travel from thedispenser 48 to the wash chamber 26 via a heater (e.g., to heat thedispenser additions).

Although the dispenser may be routed to the wash chamber sump 36, sothat any addition added to the fluid from the dispenser is not added tothe fabrics in the wash chamber 26, but that is routed to the sump, forexample, to be used in the reclamation unit 14. In other words, anadjuvant intended for use in the reclamation unit may be added to therecirculation loop but by-passing the wash chamber. Similarly, thedispenser may have a separate conduit to the reclamation unit 14. Inaddition, the reclamation unit 14 may have conduits to the dispenser viaan additive reservoir 148 (which may be in the reclamation unit 14 or inthe wash unit 12) so that adjuvants may be added. Reclamation unitfluids may be routed into the dispenser 48, for example, cleaned workingfluid for cleaner rinsing. Accordingly, the dispenser may dispenseadditions that are washing specific, reclamation unit specific or both.

FIGS. 13 and 14 show other embodiments of the invention generallyrelated to reclamation. Although not shown, any loop or path may bere-looped so that it is repeated. In addition, it should be recognizedthat any step may be combined with another step or omitted entirely.That is, each step is optional, may be combined, or its order changed.FIG. 13 shows that one of the initial steps in the reclamation processis to remove large particulates 167. As mentioned herein, any mode oflarge particulate removal is contemplated, including using the coarselint filter, filtration, and other separation techniques. Largeparticulates can be buttons, lint, paper clips, etc., such as thosehaving a size of greater than 50 microns. Small particulates may be lessthan 50 microns. A method of particulate removal may include adehydration step in the wash chamber by heating the fabrics so that anyresidual water is removed. By doing so, the electrostatic bond betweenthe dirt and fabric is broken, thereby liberating the dirt. This dirtcan then be recovered. Other methods of particulate removal includesvortex separation and chemical digestion.

Dissolved soils include those items that are dissolved in the workingfluid, such as oils, surfactants, detergents, etc. Mechanical andchemical methods, or both may remove dissolved soils 166. Mechanicalremoval includes the use of filters or membranes, such asnano-filtration, ultra-filtration and microfiltration, and/or cross flowmembranes. Pervaporation may also be used. Pervaporation is a process inwhich a liquid stream containing two or more components is placed incontact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuumor gas purge is applied to the other side. The components in the liquidstream sorb into the membrane, permeate through the membrane, andevaporate into the vapor phase (hence the word pervaporate). The vapor,referred to as “the permeate”, is then condensed. Due to differentspecies in the feed mixture having different affinities for the membraneand different diffusion rates through the membrane, a component at lowconcentration in the feed can be highly enriched in the permeate.Further, the permeate composition may widely differ from that of thevapor evolved after a free vapor-liquid equilibrium process.Concentration factors range from the single digits to over 1,000,depending on the compounds, the membrane, and process conditions.

Chemical separation may include change of state methods, such astemperature reduction (e.g., freeze distillation), temperature increase,pressure increase, flocculation, pH changes, and ion exchange resins.

Other removal methods include: electric coalescence, absorption,adsorption, endothermic reactions and thermo-acoustic coolingtechniques.

Insoluble soils may include water, enzymes, hydrophilic soils, salts,etc. Items may be initially insoluble but may become soluble (or viceversa) during the wash and reclamation processes. For example, addingdissolvers, emulsifiers, soaps, pH shifters, flocculants, etc., maychange the characteristic of the item. Other methods of insoluble soilremoval include filtration, caking/drying, gravimetric, vortexseparation, distillation, freeze distillation and the like.

Reducing impurities 165 may include any of the above steps done that aredone to reduce, and thereby purify, the working fluid recovery. Reducingimpurities may involve the use of multiple separation techniques orseparation additives to assist in reclamation. It may also involve theuse of a specific separation technique that cannot be done until othercomponents are removed.

In some instances, the surfactants may need to be recovered. A potentialmeans for recovering surfactants is through any of the above-mentionedseparation techniques and the use of CO₂ and pressure.

Sanitization

As used herein, sanitization 168 means the generic principle ofattempting to keep the unit relatively clean, sanitary, disinfected,and/or sterile from infectious, pathogenic, pyrogenic, etc. substances.Potentially harmful substances may reside in the unit because of a priorambient introduction, from the fabrics cleaned, or from any other newsubstance added. Because of the desire to retrieve clean clothes fromthe unit after the cycles are over, the amount of contaminationremaining in the clothes ought to be minimized. Accordingly,sanitization may occur due to features inherent in the unit, processsteps, or sanitizing agents added. General sanitization techniquesinclude glutaraldehyde tanning, formaldehyde tanning at acidic pH,propylene oxide or ethylene oxide treatment, gas plasma sterilization,gamma radiation, electron beam, ultraviolet radiation, peracetic acidsterilization, thermal (heat or cold), chemical (antibiotics,microcides, cations, etc.), and mechanical (acoustic energy, structuraldisruption, filtration, etc.).

As for inherent features, one method of sanitizing is to manufactureconduits, tanks, pumps, or the like with materials that confersanitization. For example, these components may be manufactured andcoated with various chemicals, such as antibiotics, microcides,biocides, enzymes, detergents, oxidizing agents, etc. Coating technologyis readily available from catheter medical device coating technology. Assuch, as fluids are moving through the component, the fluids are incontact with the inner surfaces of the component and the coatings andthereby achieves contact based sanitization. For tanks, the innersurfaces of tanks may be provided with the same types of coatingsthereby providing longer exposure of the coating to the fluid because ofthe extended storage times. Any coating may also permit elution of asanitizer into the fluid stream. Drug eluting stent technology may beadapted to permit elution of a sanitizer, e.g., elution via a parylenecoating.

Another inherent feature is to manufacture any surface bymicro-texturing the surface. For example, it is known that certainorganisms seek to adhere to surfaces and rough surfaces provide areasfor adhesion. Accordingly, micro-texturing the surface to become verysmooth eliminates any rough area where organisms can adhere.

Components may also exist that specifically provide sanitization. Forexample, a UV light may be provided anywhere along the washing, drying,or reclamation cycles. One convenient location for the UV light can beat the entrance of the reclamation unit from the wash unit. As such, asfluid enters the reclamation unit from the wash unit, it is exposed toUV light prior to any initial reclamation steps. In addition, otherlocations may include prior to any filtration, upon exit of a tank, oranywhere where the conduit length is lengthy. Conduits may be made of aclear material wherever necessary to permit UV exposure.

Another component available for sanitization is a filter. The filter maybe sized to permit continued progress of a desired permeate but trapundesirable concentrates. For example, filtration can include large sizefiltration, micro-filtration, ultra-filtration, or the like. As with anyembodiment herein using filters, the filters may be sequential withvarying filtering capabilities. For example, sequential filters may beused that have decreasing pore sizes. These pore size changing filtersmay also be stacked. In addition, to facilitate any filtration (e.g., inthe wash unit or the reclamation unit), any particle may be subject toadditional processing such as chopping, grinding, crushing, pulverizing,sonic pulverization, etc., to reduce the particle size.

In addition, various sanitization additives may be added to assist inperiodic cleaning. For example, bleach, oxidizers, enzymes, acids,alkalis, degreasers, ozone, plus the other organism cleaners mentionedabove, may be added to the wash chamber and the unit cycled. Forexample, ozone in a level greater than 1 ppm at less than 20° C. may beused.

FIG. 14 shows yet another reclamation embodiment. In this embodiment,shown is an initial pretreatment step 170, which may includestabilizers, precipitators, flocculants, etc. Then a separation stepoccurs in which concentrated 169 and non-concentrated 171 waste iscreated. Each component can then be treated separately depending on thedesired treatment 172. There is an optional sanitization step.

Service Plan Method

Yet another embodiment of the invention resides in interacting with theapparatus. For example, because the unit can be a closed system, it maybe necessary to replace components. Accordingly, an embodiment of theinvention resides in inspecting components for usage, determining if thecomponent requires replacement, and replacing the component. Forexample, filters may become irreversibly clogged in the machine and thusrequire periodic maintenance or replacement. Because some of thecomponents may require special handling, the service technician maypossess special implements to successfully clean and/or replacecomponents. The technician may, for instance, possess special hazardouswaste disposal bags to dispose of replaced components. The technicianmay also possess specialized cleaning implements or diagnosticimplements to clean non-replaceable components or to calibrate certaincomponents. In another embodiment, a method involves receivinginformation about use from the apparatus, analyzing the information togenerate diagnostic information, and performing a service in response tothe diagnostic information generated. As mentioned earlier, the unit mayinclude a memory storage that stores information about the unit'sperformance, safety information, status information, or the like. Thetechnician may read the information, perform a diagnostic or treatment,and reset the unit for operation. Similarly, the unit may be providedwith a lock down mechanism that locks down the unit by sealing off doorand entry points, so that no leakage occurs. In this regard, thetechnician may be provided with a special code or tool to unlock themachine and reset it for re-use.

Working Fluid Description

In an embodiment, the working fluid is a liquid under washing conditionsand has a density of greater than 1.0. The working fluid has a surfacetension of less than or equal to 35 dynes/cm². The oil solvency of theworking fluid should be greater than water without being oleophilic.Preferably, the working fluid has an oil solvency as measured by KBvalue of less than or equal to 30. The working fluid also has asolubility in water of less than about 10%. The viscosity of the workingfluid is less than the viscosity of water under ordinary washingconditions. The working fluid has a pH of from about 6.0 to about 8.0.Moreover, the working fluid has a vapor pressure higher than the vaporpressure of water and has a flash point of greater than or equal to 145°C. The working fluid is substantially non-reactive under washingconditions with fabrics in the fabric load, with the adjuvants presentin the at least one washing adjuvant and with oily soils and watersoluble soils in the fabric load.

In another embodiment, the working fluid may include a surface tensionless than 25 dynes/cm², a vapor pressure less than 150 [Pa], and a KBvalue less than 20.

The working fluid is substantially non-swelling to natural fabricspresent in the fabric load. In an embodiment, the working fluid is afluorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of:perfluorocarbons, hydrofluoroethers, fluorinated hydrocarbons, andfluoroinerts.

As noted above, one family of chemicals particularly suited for use asIWFs in the methods and apparatuses of the present invention are“fluoroinert” liquids. Fluoroinert liquids have unusual properties thatmake them particularly useful as IWFs. Specifically, the liquids areclear, colorless, odorless and non-flammable. Fluoroinerts differ fromone another primarily in boiling points and pour points. Boiling pointsrange from about 56° C. to about 253° C. The pour points typically rangefrom about 30° C. to about −115° C.

All of the known fluoroinert liquids possess high densities, lowviscosities, low pour points and low surface tensions. Specifically, thesurface tensions typically range from 12 to 18 dynes/cm² as compared to72 dynes/cm² for water. Fluoroinert liquids typically have a solubilityin water ranging from 7 ppm to 13 ppm. The viscosity of fluoroinertstypically ranges from 0.4 centistokes to 50 centistokes. Fluoroinertsalso have low KB values. The KB value is used as a measure of solventpower of hydrocarbon solvents. Fluoroinerts have little or no solvency.

In addition to fluoroinerts, hydrofluoroethers, perfluorocarbons andsimilarly fluorinated hydrocarbons can be used as an IWF in the methodsand apparatuses of the present invention. These additional workingfluids are suitable due to their low surface tension, low vapor pressureand high fluid density.

Other types of working fluids may also be used. For example, a Class 3-Asolvent (a solvent having a flash point between 140 F and 200 F) may beused. In addition, cyclic siloxanes including, but not limited to,octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane,dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, or tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, maybe used.

Other compounds include linear or branched, volatile siloxane solvents,such as those containing a polysiloxane structure that includes from 2to 20 silicon atoms. Preferably, the linear or branched, volatilesiloxanes are relatively volatile materials, having, for example, aboiling of below about 300° C. point at a pressure of 760 millimeters ofmercury (“mm Hg”).

In a preferred embodiment, the linear or branched, volatile siloxanecomprises one or more compounds of the structural formula (I):M_(2+y+2z)D_(x)T_(y)Q_(z)  (I)wherein:

-   -   M is R¹ ₃SiO_(1/2);    -   D is R² ₂SiO_(2/2);    -   T is R³SiO_(3/2);    -   Q is SiO_(4/2)        and wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each independently a monovalent        hydrocarbon radical; and x and y are each integers, wherein 0≦x,        y, z≦10.

Suitable monovalent hydrocarbon groups include acyclic hydrocarbonradicals, monovalent alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals, monovalent andaromatic hydrocarbon radicals. Preferred monovalent hydrocarbon radicalsare monovalent alkyl radicals, monovalent aryl radicals and monovalentaralkyl radicals.

In an embodiment, the linear or branched, volatile siloxane comprisesone or more of, hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane,decamethyltetrasiloxane, dodecamethylpentasiloxane,tetradecamethylhexasiloxane or hexadecamethylheptasiloxane ormethyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane. In another embodiment, the linear orbranched, volatile siloxane comprises octamethyltrisiloxane,decamethyltetrasiloxane, or dodecamethylpentasiloxane ormethyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane. In another embodiment, the siloxanecomponent of the composition consists essentially ofdecamethyltetrasiloxane. Mixtures of any working fluid are alsocontemplated, e.g., any mixture of one or more siloxanes, fluorinatedcompounds, or a combination of fluorinated compounds plus siloxanes.

Adjuvants

One or more washing adjuvants may used in combination with the workingfluid to form a wash liquor combination. Such adjuvants include, but arenot limited to, builders, surfactants, enzymes, bleach activators,bleach catalysts, bleach boosters, bleaches, alkalinity sources,antibacterial agents, colorants, perfumes, pro-perfumes, finishing aids,lime soap dispersants, composition malodor control agents, odorneutralizers, polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents, crystal growthinhibitors, photobleaches, heavy metal ion sequestrants, anti-tarnishingagents, anti-microbial agents, anti-oxidants, linkers, anti-redepositionagents, electrolytes, pH modifiers, thickeners, abrasives, divalent ortrivalent ions, metal ion salts, enzyme stabilizers, corrosioninhibitors, diamines or polyamines and/or their alkoxylates, sudsstabilizing polymers, solvents, process aids, fabric softening agents,optical brighteners, hydrotropes, suds or foam suppressors, suds or foamboosters, fabric softeners, antistatic agents, dye fixatives, dyeabrasion inhibitors, anti-crocking agents, wrinkle reduction agents,wrinkle resistance agents, soil release polymers, soil repellencyagents, sunscreen agents, anti-fade agents, and mixtures thereof.

(a) Other Additives—These may include: phase transfer catalysts,alkylboronic acids, silicone-based boronic acids, bleach boronic acids,crown ether, PEOs, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aminesalts, APMS; soil stabilizers (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylates,methacrylates, colloidal suspensions).

(b) Surfactants. Surfactants suitable for inclusion in the composition,include anionic, cationic, nonionic, Zwitterionic and amphotericsurfactants, alkylbenzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alkyl phenols,ethoxylated fatty alcohols, alkylester alkoxylates, alkyl sulfonates,quaternary ammonium complexes, block propyleneoxide, ethyleneoxidecopolymers, sorbitan fatty esters, sorbitan ethoxylates, Tergitols,tridecylalcohol ethoxylates, alkanolamides, sodium lauryl sulfonate,sodium stearate, sodium laureth sulfate, ammonium lauryl ethersulfonate, and silicone surfactants, such as for example, quaternaryalkyl ammonium siloxanes, carboxyalkyl siloxanes, and polyether siloxanesurfactants. In one embodiment, the surfactant exhibits anhydrophilic-lipophilic balance (“HLB”) of from 3 to 14, more preferably5 to 11, as for example polyether siloxanes. Surfactants are genericallyknown in the art and are available from a number of commercial sources.

Examples of cationic surfactants include: didodecyldimethylammoniumbromide (DDAB), dihexadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride,dihexadecyldimethyl ammonium bromide, dioctadecyldimethyl ammoniumchloride, dieicosyldimethyl ammonium chloride, didocosyldimethylammonium chloride, dicoconutdimethyl ammonium chloride, ditallowdimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). Commercially available examples include, butare not limited to: ADOGEN, ARQUAD, TOMAH, VARIQUAT.

Nonionic surfactants which may be employed areoctylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy) (11)ethanol, nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)(13)ethanol, dodecylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy) (10)ethanol,polyoxyethylene (12) lauryl alcohol, polyoxyethylene (14) tridecylalcohol, lauryloxypoly(ethyleneoxy) (10)ethyl methyl ether,undecylthiopoly(ethyleneoxy) (12)ethanol,methoxypoly(oxyethylene(10)/(oxypropylene(20))-2-propanol blockco-polymer, nonyloxypoly(propyleneoxy) (4)/(ethyleneoxy) (16)ethanol,dodecyl polyglycoside, polyoxyethylene (9) monolaurate, polyoxyethylene(8) monoundecanoate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate,polyoxyethylene (18) sorbitol monotallate, sucrose monolaurate,lauryldimethylamine oxide, myristyldimethylamine oxide,lauramidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamine oxide, 1:1 lauric diethanolamide, 1:1coconut diethanolamide, 1:1 mixed fatty acid diethanolamide,polyoxyethylene(6)lauramide, 1:1 soya diethanolamidopoly(ethyleneoxy)(8) ethanol, and coconut diethanolamide. Other known nonionicsurfactants may likewise be used.

A surfactant for HFE systems is Zonyl-UR, in a range of 0.1-2.5% forcleaning and 0.05-15% for emulsification. A surfactant for siloxanesystems is: Fabritec 5550, Tegopren 7008, 7009, 6920, Crodofos 810A, DowCorning 8692, 1248, 5097, 5329, 5200, 5211, FF400, Sylgard 309, SF 1528,1328. A range of 0.05 to 15% is desirable, with a range of less than 5%for emulsion purposes. For cleaning purposes the range is less than 5%,preferably less than 2%, and more preferably is less than 1.5% up to 5%but preferably less than 2% and even further preferred less than 1.5%.

(c) Perfumes or Deodorizers—Perfumes include: aromatic and aliphaticesters, aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, aliphatic ketones, aromaticketones, aliphatic lactones, aliphatic aldehydes, aromatic aldehydes,condensation products of aldehydes and amines, saturated alcohols,saturated esters, saturated aromatic ketones, saturated lactones,saturated nitrites, saturated ethers, saturated acetals, saturatedphenols, saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic nitromusks and mixturesthereof.

Enduring perfumes include: allyl cyclohexane propionate, ambrettolide,amyl benzoate, amyl cinnamate, amyl cinnamic aldehyde, amyl cinnamicaldehyde dimethyl acetal, iso-amyl salicylate, aurantiol (trade name forhydroxycitronellal-methyl anthranilate), benzophenone, benzylsalicylate, iso-butyl quinoline, beta-caryophyllene, cadinene, cedrol,cedryl acetate, cedryl formate, cinnamyl cinnamate, cyclohexylsalicylate, cyclamen aldehyde, dihydro isojasmonate, diphenyl methane,diphenyl oxide, dodecalactone, iso E super (trade name for1-(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-2,3,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-ethanone-),ethylene brassylate, ethyl methyl phenyl glycidate, ethyl undecylenate,iso-eugenol, exaltolide (trade name for 15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid,lactone), galaxolide (trade name for1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran),geranyl anthranilate, hexadecanolide, hexenyl salicylate, hexyl cinnamicaldehyde, hexyl salicylate, lilial (trade name forpara-tertiary-butyl-alpha-methyl hydrocinnamic aldehyde), linalylbenzoate, 2-methoxy naphthalene, methyl cinnamate, methyldihydrojasmonate, beta-methyl naphthyl ketone, musk indanone, muskketone, musk tibetine, myristicin, delta-nonalactone,oxahexadecanolide-10, oxahexadecanolide-11, patchouli alcohol,phantolide (trade name for 5-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,6-hexamethylindan), phenylethyl benzoate, phenylethylphenylacetate, phenyl heptanol, phenylhexanol, alpha-santalol, thibetolide (trade name for15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid, lactone), tonalid, delta-undecalactone,gamma-undecalactone, vetiveryl acetate, yara-yara, allyl phenoxyacetate, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamyl formate,coumarin, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, ethyl cinnamate, ethylvanillin (3-methoxy-4-ethoxy benzaldehyde), eugenol, eugenyl acetate,heliotropine, indol, isoeugenol, koavone, methyl-beta-naphthyl ketone,methyl cinnamate, methyl dihdrojasmonate, beta methyl naphthyl ketone,methyl-n-methyl anthranilate, delta-nonalactone, gamma-nonalactone, paramethoxy acetophenone (acetanisole), phenoxy ethyl iso butyrate, phenoxyethyl propionate, piperonal, triethyl citrate, vanillin, and mixturesthereof.

Deodorizers may include: molecular encapsulation agents (e.g.,cyclodextrin), quaternary amines (e.g., Pinesol, etc.), pH adjusters toneutralize odors, or agents that are capable of saturating a double bondor cleaving a double bond.

Other odor absorbents may also include, but are not limited to, silicagel, fullers earth, alumina, diatomaceous earth, magnesium silicate,granular activated carbon, molecular sieves, powdered decolorizingcharcoal, magnesium sulfate, corn cob powder, zeolites, clays,hydrogel-forming polymers, surfactants, binders and high surface areamaterials desirably hydrophobic glass micro-fibers, glass wool,cellulose and acetate fibers. Preferably, the adsorbent is granularactivated carbon, 4A molecular sieves, or 13×molecular sieves.

(d) Enzymes—Enzymes are incorporated in the formulations herein toenhance and provide superior fabric cleaning, including removal ofprotein-based, carbohydrate-based, or lipid (triglyceride-based) stains.The enzymes to be incorporated include lipases, proteases and amylases,as well as mixtures thereof. The enzymes may be of any suitable origin,such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal, and yeast origin.

Suitable lipase enzymes for use herein include those produced bymicroorganisms of the Pseudomonas group, such as Pseudomonas stutzeriATCC 19.154, as disclosed in British Patent 1,372,034. See also lipasesin Japanese Patent Application 53,20487, laid open to public inspectionon Feb. 24, 1978. This lipase is available from Amano Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, under the trade name Lipase P “Amano,” hereinafterreferred to as “Amano-P.” Other commercial lipases include Amano-CES,lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum, e.g. Chromobacter viscosum var.lipolyticum NRRLB 3673, commercially available from Toyo Jozo Co.,Tagata, Japan; and further Chromobacter viscosum lipases from U.S.Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Disoynth Co., The Netherlands, and lipasesex Pseudomonas gladioli. The LIPOLASE enzyme (Lipolase 100L (9001-62-1),Lipolase 100T (9001-62-1)) derived from Humicola lanuginosa andcommercially available from Novo is a lipase for use herein.

Suitable protease enzymes are the subtilisins that are obtained fromparticular strains of B. subtilis and B. licheniforms. Another suitableprotease is obtained from a strain of Bacillus, having maximum activitythroughout the pH range of 8-12, developed and sold by Novo IndustriesA/S under the registered trade name ESPERASE. The preparation of thisenzyme and analogous enzymes is described in British PatentSpecification No. 1,243,784 of Novo. Proteolytic enzymes suitable forremoving protein-based stains that are commercially available includethose sold under the tradenames ALCALASE and SAVINASE by Novo IndustriesA/S (Denmark) and MAXATASE by International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. (TheNetherlands). Other proteases include Protease A (see European PatentApplication 130,756, published Jan. 9, 1985) and Protease B (seeEuropean Patent Application Serial No. 87303761.8, filed Apr. 28, 1987,and European Patent Application 130,756, Bott et al, published Jan. 9,1985). Protease enzymes are usually present in such commercialpreparations at levels sufficient to provide from 0.005 to 0.1 Ansonunits (AU) of activity per gram of composition.

Amylases include, for example, alpha-amylases described in BritishPatent Specification No. 1,296,839 (Novo), RAPIDASE, InternationalBio-Synthetics, Inc. and TERMAMYL, Novo Industries.

A wide range of suitable enzymes are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.3,553,139 (McCarty et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,457 (Place et al); U.S.Pat. No. 4,507,219 (Hughes); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,868 (Hora et al).Enzymes for use in detergents can be stabilized by various techniques.Enzyme stabilization techniques are disclosed and exemplified in U.S.Pat. No. 3,600,319 (Gedge, et al) and European Patent ApplicationPublication No. 0 199 405, Application No. 86200586.5, published Oct.29, 1986 (Venegas). Enzyme stabilization systems are also described, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,570.

(e) Bleach—Bleaching agents include perborates, e.g., sodium perborate(any hydrate but preferably the mono- or tetra-hydrate), sodiumcarbonate peroxyhydrate or equivalent percarbonate salts, sodiumpyrophosphate peroxyhydrate, urea peroxyhydrate, or sodium peroxide canbe used herein. Also useful are sources of available oxygen such aspersulfate bleach (e.g., OXONE, manufactured by DuPont). Sodiumperborate monohydrate and sodium percarbonate are particularlypreferred. Other examples include TAED (hydrophilic), percarbonate(hydrophilic), steel (hydrophilic), dragon (hydrophilic),alkyl-hydroperoxides (hydrophobic), SNOBS, P15, hydroperoxides, titaniumdioxide, lucine, peroxysilicones, perborate, and combinations ofpercarbonate, perborate, BzCl, BOBS, NOBS, LOBS, DOBA, sodiumpercarbonate, organic peroxides, metal containing bleach catalysts,bleach boosting compounds, performed peracids, photobleaches, enzymebleaches, cationic imines, zwitterionic imines, anionic imines,polyionic imines & TAED.

(f) Co Solvents: Co-solvents may include: N-methylpyrrolidone (used withHFE), THFA (tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol), α-terpinene, ethyl lactate ELS,ethyl L-(−)-lactate, 2-ethyl lactate, Vertrel (trans-dichloroethylene,2-propanol), Vertrel XF (decafluoropentane), Vertrel KCD 9583, VertrelKCD 9585, Borothene, heptanol, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol,1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol,ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether,propylene glycol n-propyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether,dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol propyl ether,dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol t-butyl ether,tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether,t-butyl methyl ether, t-amyl mether ether, tetrahydrofuran,tetrahydropyran, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, ethyl acetate, propylacetate, isobutyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethylpropionate, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane,2,3-dimethylbutane, hexane, heptane, iso-octane, methyl cyclohexane,2-butanol, i-butanol, t-butanol, trifluoroethanol, pentafluoropropanol,hexafluoro-2-propanol, 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, i-butyl chloride,t-butyl chloride, 1,2-dichloropropane, 2,2-dichloropropane, methylenechloride, t-1,2-dichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene,2,3-dichloro-1-propene, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene (trichloroethylene),1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane, acetonitrile, 1-octene, butyl lactate,n-decane, isopar-M, petroleum SA-70, perfluorohexane, fluorinatedisopropyl alcohol, undecane, dodecane, c14-c17 cyclosol-150, D-limonene(citrus terpene), 1,2-propanediol, 2-ethoxyethanol, DS-108 solvent(Dynamo solvent), 2-ethyl hexyl lactate, acetone, propylene carbonate,benzyl alcohol, glycerine, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, diethyl glycol butylether, dipropylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether,ethylene glycol butyl ether, petroleum ether, cyclohexanol, diacetonealcohol, cyclohexane, n-pentane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-tridecane, methylethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-pentanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone,cyclohexanone, trans-dichloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropane, methylenechloride, perchloroethylene, HCFC-141b, HCFC-225 ca/cb, toluene,m-xylene, trifluorotoluene, parachlorobenzitrifluoride,hexafluoro-m-xylene, hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, water,acetonitrile, petroferm SA-18, Petroferm SA-19, Petroferm SA-24,solventless silicones, DTE 797 oil, Mobilmet Omicron, Silicon fluidF815, Arma 245, Ecocut 322, 10W40 ATF, Soygold, NMP, Triacetin, Dowanol,cyclopentane, nitromethane, ethyl ether, THF, chloroform,1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, DF-2000, PetrofermSolvating Agent 21, tetradecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester, Fluorinert(FC-72), Invert 1000, Invert 2000, Invert 5000, Castrol Kleen 3414,Arcosolv PT-8, and Shell-Sol 142H; or any mixture thereof.

EXAMPLES

Substance Purpose Range Water hydrophilic Preferred = 0-5% soil removalAcceptable = 0-99.9% Perfluorocarbons increase flash Preferred = 0-20%(fluorocarbons) points Acceptable = 0-75% Hydrocarbons hydrophobicPreferred = 0-25% soil removal Acceptable = 0-80% Alcohols drying orPreferred = 0-25% rinse aids Acceptable = 0-80% Hydrocarbons fluidreclamation Preferred = 0-25% (provide a separa- Acceptable = 0-80% tiondevice-liquid- liquid extraction) Silicone &/or improved Preferred =0-99.995% Fluorinated materials fabric care Acceptable = 75-99.995%Fragrances improved odor Preferred = 0-5% performance Acceptable = 0-25%

(h) Fabric Softeners

Fabric softeners or conditioners useful herein can have linear orbranched, saturated or unsaturated hydrophobes and can include certainamines, quaternary amines, or protonated amines, or mixtures thereof.Such materials particularly include diesters of diethanolammoniumchlorides, sometimes termed “diester quats”; dialkyl imidazoline esters,diesters of triethanolammonium methylsulfates, ester amide-tertiaryamines sometimes termed amidoamineesters, esteramide-quaternary aminechloride salts, and diesters of dihydroxypropyl ammonium chlorides.

Some Working Fluid Combinations

Embodiments of invention reside in a combination of one or more types ofthe working fluid with one or more types of the washing adjuvant. In anyembodiment, adjuvants may be added to working fluid to stabilize theworking fluid. For example, a mixture of working fluids may be combinedto form an azeotrope of the working fluids. Any one or more adjuvantsmay be added to the azeotropic mixture. The ultimate mixture orcombination may be contacted with fabrics to be cleaned. Dry launderingwith any composition may occur by exposing the composition (or itsindividual constituents) to the fabrics and moving the compositionthrough the fabrics to be cleaned. As with any embodiment thecomposition, including its constituents whether initially present orsubsequently added, may be recovered and/or reclaimed. The recoveredconstituents may be processed, such as cleaned for re-use.

Other examples of a composition are now more fully described. In oneembodiment, there is a wash liquor composition for use in laundering afabric load comprising: (a) a non-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic,apolar working fluid, and (b) at least one non-aqueous, fluid washingadjuvant selected from the group consisting of a surfactant, bleach,ozone, hydrophobic solvent, hydrophilic solvent, and mixtures thereof.In another embodiment, a wash liquor composition to assist in washingfabrics in a fabric washing machine, comprises: (a) a non-oleophilicworking fluid adapted to be substantially non-reactive with the fabrics,the working fluid having a KB value of less than or equal to 30; and (b)at least one washing adjuvant selected from the group consisting of asurfactant, bleach, ozone, hydrophobic solvent, hydrophilic solvent, andmixtures thereof. And yet another embodiment is a wash liquorcomposition to assist in washing fabrics in a fabric washing machine,comprising: (a) at least one washing adjuvant selected from the groupconsisting of a surfactant, bleach, ozone, hydrophobic solvent,hydrophilic solvent, and mixtures thereof; (b) a working fluid adaptedto be substantially non-reactive with the fabrics, the working fluidhaving a KB value of less than 30, a surface tension less than or equalto 20 dynes per square centimeter, and a vapor pressure less than 150 mmHg. And yet another embodiment is a wash liquor composition to assist inwashing fabrics in a fabric washing machine, comprising: (a) a workingfluid adapted to be substantially non-reactive with the fabrics; (b) atleast one washing adjuvant selected from the group consisting of asurfactant, bleach, ozone, hydrophobic solvent, hydrophilic solvent, andmixtures thereof; (c) wherein the working fluid has a surface tension ofless than or equal to 35 dynes/cm²; (d) wherein the working fluid has anoil solvency greater than water without being oleophilic, and the KB isless than or equal to 30; (e) wherein the working fluid has a solubilityin water of less than about 10%; (f) wherein the working fluid has aviscosity less than water under normal washing conditions; (g) whereinthe working fluid has a pH from about 6.0 to about 8.0; (h) wherein theworking fluid has a vapor pressure higher that the vapor pressure ofwater; and (i) wherein the working fluid has a flash point of greaterthan or equal to 145° C.

The composition may also be associated with the machine, such as a washliquor composition and laundering machine combination for use inlaundering a fabric load, comprising: (a) a non-reactive, non-aqueous,non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid; (b) at least one washing adjuvant;and (c) a laundering machine. The composition may also be associatedwith the fabrics, such as a wash liquor composition and fabriccombination for use in laundering a fabric load comprising: (a) anon-reactive, non-aqueous working fluid; (b) at least one washingadjuvant; and (c) at least one article of article of fabric interspersedwith the working fluid and the at least one washing adjuvant.

In yet another embodiment, the composition may be used in laundering,such as a method of using a wash liquor composition in a launderingmachine, comprising the step of adding the wash liquor combination to afabric to clean the fabric, the wash liquor combination comprising: (a)a non-aqueous, non-oleophilic working fluid; and (b) at least onewashing selected from the group consisting of a surfactant, bleach,ozone, hydrophobic solvent, hydrophilic solvent, and mixtures thereof.

As mentioned above, the composition and its constituents may besubstantially or entirely recovered by a method such as, a recovered nonreactive, non-oleophilic, non-aqueous working fluid made by the processof: (a) washing at least one fabric with an initial working fluid; (b)capturing at least part of the initial working fluid after washing theat least one fabric; (c) filtering the captured working fluid togenerate a permeate and a retentate; (d) recovering the permeate orretentate as the recovered working fluid.

Although mentioned in greater detail above, the composition may alsoinclude a co-solvent selected from the group consisting of water,alcohol, ether, glycol, ester, ketone, and aldehyde, and wherein themixture is sufficiently stable for a fabric washing application.Similarly, although any adjuvant described above may be used singularlyor in combination with any other adjuvant, the combination may includean adjuvant that is at least one of a surfactant, bleach, enzyme,deodorizer, fragrance, hydrophobic solvent, hydrophilic solvent, andmixtures thereof and the co-solvent is selected from the groupconsisting of water, alcohol, ether, glycol, ester, ketone, andaldehyde, and wherein the mixture is sufficiently stable for a fabricwashing application.

Another embodiment of a wash liquor combination includes a workingfluid, a soda ash to increase the pH, a chelation agent (e.g., disodiumEDTA), a water softener (e.g., sodium citrate), a bleach (e.g.,percarbonate), an initiator for radical formation (e.g.,tetraacetoethylene diamine), an enzyme (e.g., protease, lipase, amylase,cellulase), an anti-deposition agent (e.g., sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose or polyacrylic acid), a surfactant, an odorcontrol, and a brightener (e.g., CBSX).

Safety Features

As mentioned above, various sensors may be used to monitor temperature,pressure, volume, conductivity, turbidity, etc. In addition to sensors,the materials may be designed to withstand chemicals or make thematerial chemical compatible. For example, any tank or conduit can bemade siloxane resistant or HFE resistant. This may include forming anyconduit, gasket, seal, valve, etc. to be resistant.

Due to the fact that most home care systems are concerned with aqueoussystems, there are some special considerations that need to be given formaterials compatibility. Some examples of acceptable housing materialsfor silicone-based fluids are ABS. Acetal, Acrylic, ChlorinatedPolyvinyl Choride, Epoxy, Ionomer, Nylon, Polytertrafluoroethylene(Teflon), Polyvinylidene Fluoride, Polycarbonate, Polyethermide,Polyethylene, Polyethylene Terephthalate, Polypropylene, Polystyrene,Polysulfone and Polyvinyl Choride (PVC), Fluorosilicone,Polydimethylsiloxane, Ethylene-Propylene Terpolymer (EPDM),Isobutylene-Isoprene (Butyl) and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (Buna N),Aluminum, Anodized Aluminum, Beryllium, Brass, 60 Sn/40 Pb Solder andStainless Steel and Copper. Additionally, many polymers based materialscontain plasticizers in order to manipulate physical properties andprovide a cost effective process. However, the IWF may remove theplasticizers destroying the physical properties, therefore, relativelypure polymer-based systems should be used.

It should be understood that the foregoing relates only to a limitednumber of embodiments that have been provided for illustration purposesonly. It is intended that the scope of invention is defined by theappended claims and that modifications to the embodiments above may bemade that do not depart from the scope of the claims.

There is some potential suggesting the use of recovered non-aqueousfluid in the same process. For example, siloxane used in the first washcan be sent through the reclamation process and then used later duringthe same load as a rinse option. This would suggest the importance of areclamation system that does not necessarily need to remove all of thecontaminants from a specific process but more importantly havecontaminants that are stabilized so that they can not redeposit onto thefabric articles. Additionally, if some fluid is to be re-used in thesame process, the cycle time for the reclamation system should be fasterthan that for the selected machine cycle. Another embodiment is that thefluid from the rinse portion of the system may not need go through allof the proposed reclamation operations, especially the temperaturereduction step.

In an embodiment, the wash chamber oscillates for a plurality of periodsof clockwise and counter-clockwise oscillations, wherein the timeduration of the speed and time duration of the strokes are selected foreach period. The strokes can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, and canhave a speed or time duration that is selected randomly or from somepredetermined varying pattern. Further, in another embodiment, the timeduration of the oscillations vary for consecutive periods. The averageor mean speed or time of the time-varying oscillations can be adjustedby the controller responsive to an amount of the items or to a size ofthe items.

The items in the wash chamber can move, for example, in a tumblingpattern.

In accordance with apparatuses consistent with the present invention, anautomatic washer is provided. The automatic washer comprises a cabinet,a wash chamber with a central axis supported within the cabinet, a motorsuspended outside the wash chamber and drivingly connected to the washchamber, the wash chamber oscillating about the central axis by speed-and time-varying oscillations. The wash chamber may have a horizontalaxis, a 45 degree tilted axis or a vertical axis.

The above-mentioned and other features, utilities, and advantages of theinvention will become apparent from the following detailed descriptionof the preferred embodiments of the invention together with theaccompanying drawings.

1. A method of cleaning comprising the steps of: selecting asubstantially non-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar workingfluid; wherein said non-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolarworking fluid under standard conditions is further characterized by: aKB value less than approximately 30; a surface tension less thanapproximately 35 dynes/cm²; and a solubility in water less than 10%.selecting at least one washing adjuvant; bringing said working fluid andadjuvant in contact with the fabric; applying mechanical energy toprovide relative movement within said fabric; separating said workingfluid from the fabric; cooling the working fluid for decreasing thedissolved soils in the working fluid; and filtering the permeate fromthe above step through a cross membrane filter.
 2. The method of claim 1including the further step of filtering the permeate from the above stepthrough an adsorbent bed filter.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein vaporsfrom said working fluid are treated by a high speed spinning disc whichremoves said working fluid and water vapor from the air stream.
 4. Themethod of claim 3 including the step of cooling the vapor contacted bythe spinning disc.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said working fluidmay have impurities of not more than approximately 20%.
 6. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the washing adjuvant is selected from a group consistingof: builders, surfactants, enzymes, bleach activators, bleach catalysts,bleach boosters, bleaches, alkalinity sources, antibacterial agents,colorants, perfumes, pro-perfumes, finishing aids, lime soapdispersants, composition malodor control agents, odor neutralizers,polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents, crystal growth inhibitors,photobleaches, heavy metal ion sequestrants, anti-tarnishing agents,anti-microbial agents, anti-oxidants, linkers, anti-redeposition agents,electrolytes, pH modifiers, thickeners, abrasives, divalent or trivalentions, metal ion salts, enzyme stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors,diamines or polyamines or alkoxylates, suds stabilizing polymers,solvents, process aids, fabric softening agents, optical brighteners,hydrotropes, water, suds or foam suppressors, suds or foam boosters,fabric softeners, antistatic agents, dye fixatives, dye abrasioninhibitors, anti-crocking agents, wrinkle reduction agents, wrinkleresistance agents, soil release polymers, soil repellency agents,sunscreen agents, anti-fade agents and mixtures thereof.
 7. The methodof claim 6 wherein a preferred surfactant for the system will have ahydrophilic-lipophilic balance from approximately 3 to
 14. 8. A methodof cleaning comprising the steps of: selecting a substantiallynon-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid;selecting at least one washing adjuvant; bringing said working fluid andadjuvant in contact with the fabric; applying mechanical energy toprovide relative movement within said fabric; separating said workingfluid from the fabric; cooling the working fluid for decreasing thedissolved soils in the working fluid; and filtering said working fluid,wherein said working fluid may have impurities of not more thanapproximately 20%.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein said non-reactive,non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid under standardconditions is further characterized by: a KB value less thanapproximately 30; a surface tension less than approximately 35dynes/cm²; and a solubility in water less than 10%.
 10. The method ofclaim 9 including the step of filtering the permeate from the above stepthrough a cross membrane filter.
 11. The method of claim 10 includingthe further step of filtering the permeate from the above step throughan adsorbent bed filter.
 12. The method of claim 8 wherein vapors fromsaid working fluid are treated by a high speed spinning disc whichremoves said working fluid and water vapor from the air stream.
 13. Themethod of claim 12 including the step of cooling the vapor contacted bythe spinning disc.
 14. A wash cycle comprising the steps of: providingrelative movement between a substantially non-reactive, non-aqueous,non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid, at least one washing adjuvant anda fabric to be cleaned; circulating at least some of said working fluidto a cross membrane; and re-circulating the filtered permeate back tothe fabric to keep the soil level in said working fluid contacting thefabric below approximately 20%.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein saidnon-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid understandard conditions is further characterized by: a KB value less thanapproximately 30; a surface tension less than approximately 35dynes/cm²; and a solubility in water less than 10%.
 16. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the relative movement step is accomplished by rotatingsaid working fluid, washing adjuvant and fabric in one direction forless than approximately 30 seconds and reversing the direction ofrotation whereby optimum cleaning is accomplished while minimizing anydamage to the fabric.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the relativemovement step is accomplished by a random oscillation in oppositedirections to optimize mechanical energy input while minimizing changesin the fabric from their initial state.
 18. The method of claim 16wherein the mechanical energy is inputted by ultrasonics.
 19. The methodof claim 16 wherein the mechanical energy is added by shaking.
 20. Themethod of claim 14 wherein the washing adjuvant is selected from a groupconsisting of: builders, surfactants, enzymes, bleach activators, bleachcatalysts, bleach boosters, bleaches, alkalinity sources, antibacterialagents, colorants, perfumes, pro-perfumes, finishing aids, lime soapdispersants, composition malodor control agents, odor neutralizers,polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents, crystal growth inhibitors,photobleaches, heavy metal ion sequestrants, anti-tarnishing agents,anti-microbial agents, anti-oxidants, linkers, anti-redeposition agents,electrolytes, pH modifiers, thickeners, abrasives, divalent or trivalentions, metal ion salts, enzyme stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors,diamines or polyamines or alkoxylates, suds stabilizing polymers,solvents, process aids, fabric softening agents, optical brighteners,hydrotropes, water, suds or foam suppressors, suds or foam boosters,fabric softeners, antistatic agents, dye fixatives, dye abrasioninhibitors, anti-crocking agents, wrinkle reduction agents, wrinkleresistance agents, soil release polymers, soil repellency agents,sunscreen agents, anti-fade agents and mixtures thereof.
 21. The methodof claim 20 wherein a preferred surfactant for the systems will have ahydrophilic-lipophilic balance from approximately 3 to
 14. 22. Themethod of claim 14 including the step of controlling the amount of waterin the system to less than approximately 5% by dry weight of the fabric.23. The method of claim 14 including the step of adding awater-in-working fluid emulsion to the fabric.
 24. The method of claim23 wherein the water-in-working fluid emulsion is added in vapor form.25. The method of claim 23 wherein the water-in-working fluid emulsionis added in a spray-mist form.
 26. The method of claim 23 wherein thestep of adding a water-in-working fluid emulsion to the fabric occursprior to introduction of said working fluid to the fabric.
 27. Themethod of claim 14 including the steps of treating the fabric with saidworking fluid to remove loosely-bound soils; filtering a portion of saidworking fluid; followed by exposing the fabric to said working fluid andat least one washing adjuvant.
 28. The method of claim 14 includingrepeating the relative movement step using an adjuvant differing fromthe adjuvant used in the previous steps for the purpose of completing adifferent type of cleaning.
 29. The method of claim 14 wherein saidworking fluid and at least one adjuvant is sprayed on to the fabricwhile relative movement is being applied to the fabric and while aportion of the working fluid is being removed.
 30. The method of claim14 including the step of repeating the process using a working fluid torinse adjuvant from the fabric and in which the rinse liquor is heatedprior to contacting the fabric.
 31. The method of claim 14 including thestep of repeating the process using one of the following from the groupconsisting of: an adjuvant having a higher affinity for water; anadjuvant that decreases the viscosity of said working fluid; an anionicsurfactant; and a cationic surfactant.
 32. A method of drying fabrics ina closed-loop system comprising the steps of: passing an air steamthrough fabric wetted with a substantially non-reactive, non-aqueous,non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid; heating the air stream to atemperature not exceeding approximately 30° F. below the flash point ofsaid working fluid; passing the air stream through the fabric; coolingthe air stream; removing residual working fluid vapor and water vaporfrom the air stream; heating the air stream to a temperature notexceeding approximately 30° F. below the flash point of said workingfluid; and circulating the air back through the fabric.
 33. The methodof claim 32 wherein said non-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic,apolar working fluid under standard conditions is further characterizedby: a KB value less than approximately 30; a surface tension less thanapproximately 35 dynes/cm²; and a solubility in water less than 10%. 34.The method of claim 32 wherein the step of removing said residualworking fluid vapor and water vapor comprises contacting the air streamwith a desiccant for removal of the water from the air stream.
 35. Themethod of claim 32 including a direct spray treatment for removingresidual working fluid vapor and water vapor from the air streamcomprising the steps of: cooling said working fluid to less than roomtemperature; spraying said cool working fluid into the air stream; andcollecting the condensate.
 36. The method of claim 32 wherein acompressor driven refrigeration system having a condenser and anevaporator is provided, and said evaporator is used to provide at leastsome of the cooling specified in said step of cooling and the condenseris used to provide at least some of the heating specified in said stepof heating.
 37. A method of removing impurities from wash liquorcomprising the steps of: passing the wash liquor through a crossmembrane filter; moving the retentate to a concentrate filter to reducesaid working fluid therein below approximately 5%; and recycling saidwash liquor.
 38. The method of claim 37 wherein said wash liquorcomprises a non-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar workingfluid.
 39. The method of claim 38 wherein said non-reactive,non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid is furthercharacterized by: a KB value less than approximately 30; a surfacetension less than approximately 35 dynes/cm²; and a solubility in waterless than 10%.
 40. The method of claim 37 including the step ofdisposing the retentate from the concentrate filter by mechanical meansonce an allowable concentration is reached.
 41. The method of claim 37wherein the concentrate filter is a multi-compartment filter mechanismconstructed and arranged to permit sequential exposure to the retentate.42. The method of claim 41 wherein the multi-compartment filter movesthe retentate to an accessible location for removal away from contactwith working fluid.
 43. An apparatus for cleaning fabrics with asubstantially non-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar workingfluid comprising: a container for providing relative movement of thefabric to be cleaned; means for introducing said working fluid and atleast one washing adjuvant to said container; means for withdrawing saidworking fluid from said container and returning it to said container;means for passing an air stream through the fabric; a heater constructedand arranged to heat the air stream prior to contacting the fabric to atemperature not exceeding approximately 30° F. below the flash of saidworking fluid; and a condenser constructed and arranged to cool the airstream leaving the fabric to a degree sufficient to remove working fluidand water vapor.
 44. The apparatus of claim 43 wherein saidnon-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid understandard conditions is further characterized by: a KB value less thanapproximately 30; a surface tension less than approximately 35dynes/cm²; and a solubility in water less than 10%
 45. The apparatus ofclaim 43 wherein substantially all the materials contacted by saidworking fluid are selected from the group of commercial materials whichprevent the generation of a spark.
 46. The apparatus of claim 45 whereinsubstantially all of the materials contacted by said working fluid arean electrically conductive polymer.
 47. The apparatus of claim 43including means for introducing a water-in-working fluid emulsion intothe container.
 48. The apparatus of claim 43 wherein anadjuvant-dispensing chamber is included and which is constructed andarranged to introduce the adjuvant at a pre-selected period during thewash cycle.
 49. The apparatus of claim 48 including a means forintroducing a water-in-working fluid emulsion into theadjuvant-dispensing chamber.
 50. The apparatus of claim 43 including alevel sensor for detecting the level of said working fluid in thecontainer, said level sensor being isolated from said working fluid andbeing constructed and arranged to record pressure changes in the levelof said working fluid.
 51. The apparatus of claim 43 including means forsensing the humidity of the fabric prior to contact by said workingfluid.
 52. The apparatus of claim 51 wherein conductivity is used todetect the initial moisture level of the fabric.
 53. The apparatus ofclaim 43 including a temperature sensing means inside the container andmeans controlled by said sensing means to ensure that the temperaturedoes not exceed 30° F. below the flash point of said working fluid. 54.The apparatus of claim 43 including a temperature sensor placed on theoutlet of the heater and constructed and arranged to ensure that thetemperature does not exceed 30° F. below the flash point of the workingfluid.
 55. Apparatus for cleaning fabric with a substantiallynon-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar working fluidcomprising: a container for providing relative movement of the fabric tobe cleaned; means for introducing said working fluid and at least onewashing adjuvant to said container; a cross membrane filter; acompressor driven refrigeration system means for removing heat from acooling medium and discharging same; a heat exchanger having a coolingmedium side and a working fluid side; and means for re-circulatingworking fluid from said container and circulating it through saidworking fluid side of said heat exchanger and then through filteringmeans.
 56. The apparatus of claim 55 further comprising a sensing meansconstructed and arranged to control the temperature of said workingfluid introduced to the cross membrane filter.
 57. The apparatus ofclaim 56 further comprising a second filter constructed and arranged toreceive the effluent of said first mentioned filter means, said secondfiltering means being an adsorbent bed filter.
 58. The apparatus ofclaim 56 further comprising: means utilizing said heat discharged bysaid refrigeration means; and utilizing the same to heat said effluentof said first mentioned filtering means prior to be circulated to theadsorbent bed filter.
 59. The apparatus of claim 55 including aninfrared working fluid sensor constructed and arranged to control thelevel of working fluid remaining in the retentate of said secondfiltering means.
 60. The apparatus of claim 55 including a storage tankconstructed and arranged to store said working fluid between runs. 61.The apparatus of claim 60 constructed and arranged to provide asanitation procedure before said working fluid enters the clean storagetank.
 62. The apparatus of claim 55 including means for controlling thetemperature of said working fluid before the working fluid enters thecross membrane filter.
 63. The apparatus of claim 55 including means forcontrolling the temperature of said working fluid before the workingfluid enters the adsorbent bed filter.
 64. The apparatus of claim 55including means to control the temperature of said fluid stream passingthrough said cooling means to achieve a temperature less thanapproximately 5° C.
 65. The apparatus of claim 55 including aconcentrate filter constructed and arranged to receive the concentratestream of the cross membrane filter.
 66. The apparatus of claim 55constructed and arranged to drain fluid from the fabric in saidcontainer and pass a stream of air through the fabric to dry the same.67. The apparatus of claim 66 constructed and arranged to remove workingfluid vapor from the air stream by means of a spinning disc which iscooled by said re-circulated working fluid.
 68. The apparatus of claim55 including a means for introducing a controlled amount of water tosaid container by means of a water-in-working fluid emulsion.
 69. Theapparatus of claim 68 constructed and arranged so that the emulsion isintroduced at the start of the washing operation.
 70. The apparatus ofclaim 68 constructed and arranged to include a vortex mixer to controldroplet size of the emulsion.
 71. The apparatus of claim 68 including afinal filter constructed and arranged to remove permeate from solids andmeans utilizing the heat discharged form said refrigeration means toremove adsorbed chemicals from said final filter.
 72. The apparatus ofclaim 55 constructed and arranged so that the rejected heat from therefrigeration means is passed through a phase change material forstorage.
 73. An apparatus for cleaning fabrics using a substantiallynon-reactive, non-aqueous, non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid andcomprising: a wash chamber for the fabric, working fluid, and at leastone washing adjuvant; means for draining working fluid from the washchamber; means for providing a stream of air through the wash chamber;means for heating the air prior to introduction to the wash chamber;means for passing some of the drained working fluid from the washchamber through filtering means; a storage tank for receiving thefiltered working fluid removed from the wash chamber; sensing means fordetermining the temperature at the outlet of the heating means; andmeans controlled by said sensing element to keep the temperature of saidair approximately 30° F. below the flash point of said working fluid.74. The apparatus of claim 73 wherein said non-reactive, non-aqueous,non-oleophilic, apolar working fluid under standard conditions isfurther characterized by: a KB value less than approximately 30; asurface tension less than approximately 35 dynes/cm²; and a solubilityin water less than 10%.
 75. The apparatus of claim 73 including anadditional sensor at the air entrance to said wash chamber, said sensorbeing constructed and arranged to activate said means for controllingthe temperature at approximately 30° F. below the flash point.
 76. Theapparatus of claim 73 including means for sensing said working fluidconcentration in the air outside the washing chamber, and means fordisabling the system when the concentration of said working fluid in theair exceeds the lower flammability limit of said working fluid.
 77. Theapparatus of claim 76 wherein the sensing element is an infrared sensorconstructed and arranged to provide a frequency range encompassing therange of the working fluid.
 78. The apparatus of claim 73 includingmeans for sensing the pressure drop across said filtering means; andmeans for disabling the cleaning apparatus when approximately only 10%of the filter capacity remains.